Distinguishing the Effect of Ḍamīmah and Inḍimām in Intention of Taqarrub

Document Type : Research (Normal Review)

Authors

1 Teacher of Advanced Studies in Fiqh and Usūl at the Ḥawzah al-ʿIlmīyyah of Qom; mrnaeini47@gmail.com

2 Student of the Ḥawzah al-ʿIlmīyyah.of Qom and a PhD student in Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, Farābī Campus, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran-Iran(Corresponding Author); khak_mohammad@yahoo.com

Abstract

One of the most challenging topics in the field of ibādāt (worship) is the analysis of the various types of ḍamīmah (attachment) and the rulings of methods of inḍimām (combining) the intention with nīyyah of taqarrub (intention to find proximity to God), which leads to the disruption of the nature of nīyyah (intention) and the denial of correctness in devotional behaviour. This study, which uses an analytical-descriptive method, first, deals with the conceptualization of the intention of qurbah (intention of drawing close to God), and considers the conjective motivation of the expression of servanthood as a criterion for the realization of the nīyyah of worship. Then, it explains the differences between standard and sufficient nīyyah in worship and the purity of intention necessary to attain the perfection of action. Next, it tries to explain the various types of ḍamīmah and the methods of combining (inḍimām) the intention to the nīyyah of taqarrub, and also to validate the views of the fuqahā (jurists) about the rules of ḍamīmah and inḍimām. In fiqhī (jurisprudential) texts, analysis of the ruling of combining the intention of worship general causes which has no inherent contradictions with ikhlāṣ (spiritual devotion), has given rise to views such as, permissibility of such inḍimām and the validity of action, denying the validity of devotional behaviour due to the non-realization of the exclusive and pure sincerity meaning, and detailed view based on methods of inḍimām or preference of ḍamīmah. Some opinions such as just losing the thawāb (reward), the non-necessity of repeating the action, and also the invalidity of devotional acts and the need to perform it anew or make it up have been voiced regarding ḍamīmah intention which is contrary to ikhlāṣ, such as rīyā (pretend virtuousness). The selected theory in this study is based on standard nīyyah in worship which is obtained by analyzing the Qurʾānic and ḥadīthī documents in this field. This view is the opinion of the permissibility of inḍimām and the validity of action in the ḍamīmah of the first type, and the opinion of the invalidity of worship in ḍamīmah of the second type in various styles of inḍimām. Also, in attachment (ḍamīmah) of the intention of other matters which are not in conflict with ikhlāṣ, the opinion of absolute validity is accepted by refinement of the basis of a ruling.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

بحث فی تأثیر أنواع الضمائم والضم فی نیة القربة

Abstract [العربیة]

من الأبحاث العلمیة المهمة والصعبة فی مجال العبادات البحث فی الأنواع المختلفة من الضمائم، وفی أحکام أسالیب ضمّ القصد إلى نیة القربة، والتی یمکن أن تؤدی إلى الإخلال فی ماهیة النیة وفی صحة العبادة، وقد برزت آراء مختلفة فی تاریخ الفقه حول هذا الموضوع.

بدأ هذا البحث القائم على المنهج الوصفی التحلیلی ببیان مفهوم قصد القربة، واعتبر أنّ معیار تحقق نیة العبادة قائم على باعث ودافع ارتکازی وهو إظهار العبادة، کما یبیّن البحث التمایز بین النیة المعیاریة والکافیة فی العبادات وبین مقولة خلوص النیة اللازمة للوصول إلى کمال العمل وکسب آثاره.

ومن ثمّ اهتمّ البحث بإیضاح مختلف أنواع الضمائم وأسالیب ضم القصد بنیة القربة، وکذلک بتقییم آراء الفقهاء فی أحکام الضمیمة والضم، وعند مراجعة النصوص الفقهیة نجد أنّ بحث حکم ضم قصد اللوازم العادیة للعبادات الخالیة من التعارض الذاتی مع الإخلاص أدى إلى بروز آراء فی هذا الموضوع؛ ومنها جواز هذا النوع من الضم وصحة العمل، والآخر نفی صحة العمل العبادی بسبب عدم تحقق المعنى الانحصاری والمحض للإخلاص، وکذلک الرأی القائل بالتفصیل وفقا لأسالیب الضم أو رجحان الضمیمة.

کما ظهرت آراء مختلفة حول قصد الضمیمة المنافیة للإخلاص کالریاء، ومنها الاقتصار على سقوط الثواب وعدم وجوب تکرار العمل، ومنها أیضا نظریة بطلان العبادة ووجوب الإعادة أو القضاء فی مختلف صور الضم. أما النظریة المختارة فی هذه الدراسة فهی قائمة على مبنى النیة المعیاریة فی العبادات، وهی ناتجة عن دراسة وتحلیل الأدلة القرآنیة والروائیة فی هذا المجال، ومفاد هذه النظریة جواز الضم وصحة العمل فی النوع الأول من الضمیمة، وبطلان العبادة فی النوع الثانی منها، وکذلک القول بالصحة مطلقا بناء على تقیح المناط فی حال ضمیمة قصد سائر الأمور التی لا تنافی الإخلاص.

الکلمات المفتاحیة: النیة، قصد القربة، معیار النیة، الضم إلى النیة، الضمیمة العرضیة، تأثیر الضمیمة على النیة.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • النیة
  • قصد القربة
  • معیار النیة
  • الضم إلى النیة
  • الضمیمة العرضیة
  • تأثیر الضمیمة على النیة

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Islamic Law, Jurisprudence and Methodology
Volume 7, Issue 4 - Serial Number 25
Articles
March 2022
Pages 161-194

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History

  • Receive Date: 12 June 2019
  • Revise Date: 24 August 2019
  • Accept Date: 17 September 2019

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