Investigating the Methodology of Ijtihād in New Issues

Document Type : Metodology Of Studies

Author

Assistant Professor of Al- Musstafa International University & Teacher in Seminary School of Qom. Qom- Iran

Abstract

Methodology is a branch of the philosophy of knowledge that deals with issues that are useful in understanding the methodology of a science and discusses research methods, sources, tools and disadvantages. Ijtihād means action or the faculty of deduction of religious rulings from its proofs. The new issue is a subject that is new and whose religious edict is not to be found in religious texts.. There are two reasons for not finding a Sharʿī verdict regarding a new issue: 1- There was no issue at the time of issuance of transmitted traditions; 2- There were issues at the time of issuance, but its features, conditions, and limitations were changed in the present time, which requires a new injunction. Ijtihād in these issues is based on the existence of edict for all the issues, expansion of ijtihad, and refereeing the proof of new issue to the trinary sources (i.e. The Quran, Transmitted traditions and Reason), in which one must adhere to jurisprudential principles and have a thorough understanding of the subject and consider spatial and temporal conditions.  There are two types of proofs to deduce the edict: Ijtihādī and Fiqāhati proofs. The Ijtihādī proofs include the Necessities of Islam, Wisdom, Custom of wise (Sīrat al-ʿUqalāʾ), Generalities and Absoluteness, Uṣūlī rules, Jurisprudential rules, Modification (Tanqīḥ al-Mināṭ) , Motive-indicated analogy (Qīyās Manṣuṣ al-ʿIllah), Prioritized analogy (Qīyās al-Awlawīyyah), Abolition of peculiarity (Ilghāʾ al-Khuṣūṣīyyah), Custom (al-ʿUrf), Macro-jurisprudence strategies and expediency. Jurisprudential proofs include the Principle of continuity (al-Istiṣḥāb), the Principle of exemption (Aṣālat al-Barāʾah), the Principle of choice (Aṣālat al-Takhyyīr) , and the Principle of precaution (Aṣālat al-Iḥtīyāṭ). Developing from current jurisprudence to ideal, promotion from passive Jurisprudence to active, having social approach in Ijtihād, havinga comprehensive look in Ijtihād, specializing the discussions of Fiqh and to promote from traditional subjectology to the scientific, are the necessities of Ijtihād in new issues. There are numerous damages in deducing new issues, such as inaccuracies in understanding the subject, incorrect matching of Generalities and Absoluteness to the issue, slip in identifying the Interests and spoilers of the issue, mixing different issues, Impose on Shariʿah, contrariety and landing in the trap of modernism.  This article examines the methodology of Ijtihād in new issues through analytical descriptive research method and library documents.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Article Title [العربیة]

منهجیة الاجتهاد فی المسائل المستحدثة

Abstract [العربیة]

تعدّ المنهجیة من فروع فلسفة العلم، والتی تبحث فی أمور مفیدة ومؤثرة فی معرفة منهج علمٍ ما، ویبحث فیها عن أساسیات ومتطلبات وطرق ومصادر ونواقص البحث. والاجتهاد ملکة یقتدر بها على استنباط الأحکام الشرعیة من أدلتها، وتُعرّف القضیة المستحدثة بأنها موضوع جدید لم یتم العثور على حکمه الشرعی فی النصوص الدینیة، ویمکن أن یکون عدم العثور على الحکم لسببین: عدم وجود الموضوع فی عصر صدور النصوص حتى یصدر حکم له، أو أنّه کان موجودا؛ ولکن تغیرت خصائصه وشروطه وقیوده فی العصر الحالی، الأمر الذی یتطلب حکما جدیدا. ففی هذه القضایا یکون الاجتهاد قائما على الأمور التالیة: القول بوجود حکم لجمیع القضایا، وفتح باب الاجتهاد والرجوع الى أدلة المسائل المستحدثة إلى الأدلة الثلاثة والتی یتطلب الالتزام بالمبانی الفقهیة والتعرف الدقیق على الموضوع والالتفات إلى الظروف المکانیة والزمانیة.

یمکن أن نعد الموارد التالیة کمتطلبات للاجتهاد فی هذه المسائل، وهی: ضرورة الارتقاء من الفقه القائم إلى الفقه المطلوب، الارتقاء من الفقه المنفعل إلى الفقه الفعّال والمبادر، الاتجاه الاجتماعی فی الاجتهاد، الرؤیة الشاملة فی الاجتهاد، ضرورة تخصص المباحث الفقهیة، الارتقاء من الأسلوب التقلیدی إلى الأسلوب العلمی فی تحدید المواضیع.

وفی الاجتهاد یتم التمسک بفئتین من الأدلة الاجتهادیة والفقاهتیة:

تشمل الأدلة الاجتهادیة ما یلی:

ضروریات الإسلام – حکم العقل – سیرة العقلاء-العمومات والإطلاقات – القواعد الأصولیة – القواعد الفقهیة – تنقیح المناط – القیاس المنصوص العلة – قیاس الأولویة – إلغاء الخصوصیة – العرف – الاستراتیجیات العامة للفقه _ المصلحة.

وتشمل الأدلة الفقاهتیة ما یلی: الاستصحاب – البراءة – التخییر – الاحتیاط.

آفات الاجتهاد فی هذه المسائل: الخطأ فی التعرف على الموضوع، التطبیق غیر الصحیح للعمومیات والاطلاقات على المسألة، الخطأ فی تحدید المصالح والمفاسد فی المسألة، الوقوع فی الانتقائیة، الفرض على الشریعة، التناقض والوقوع فی فخ العصریة (الحداثة).

تتناول هذه المقالة منهجیة الاجتهاد فی القضایا المستحدثة وفق المنهج الوصفی التحلیلی واعتمادا على المصادر المکتبیة.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • منهجیة الفقه
  • المسائل المستحدثة
  • ‌ مسائل المستحدثة
  1. Quran

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