Obligatory Ruling of Unjustified Leaving Family Life by the Husband Reliance on the Wife’s Sexual Intercourse Right in the Jurisprudence of the Five Major Schools

Maghzi Najaf Abadi, Elham; Davarzani (Late), Hossein; Momeni, Abedin

doi:10.22034/jrj.2020.55008.1768

Obligatory Ruling of Unjustified Leaving Family Life by the Husband Reliance on the Wife’s Sexual Intercourse Right in the Jurisprudence of the Five Major Schools

Document Type : Research (Normal Review)

Authors

¹ tehran

² Late

³ Associate Professor of Jurisprudence and Principle of Islamic Law at Tehran Universiy; Tehran-Iran

10.22034/jrj.2020.55008.1768

Abstract

According to the note of Article 1130 of the Civil Code, leaving the family by the husband based on certain conditions is considered as an example of difficulty and trouble and gives the wife the right to divorce. However, it seems that before the establishment of the right for the wife, according to sexual intercourse right (Ḥaqq al-Waṭy) for her, the husband is considered sinful and Nāshiz (a man who refuses to fulfill his marital duties) in leaving his family unjustified and the wife can ask the judge to compel him the right of sexual intercourse. The present study aimed at examining the ‘obligatory ruling of unjustified leaving family life by the husband reliance on the wife’s sexual intercourse right in the jurisprudence of the five major sects’ by the descriptive-analytical method and through studying the jurisprudential books of the five major sects. At the end of this study, it has been concluded that there is a difference of opinion in the jurisprudence of the five major schools regarding the extent of the wife’s sexual intercourse right. In Ḥanafī jurisprudence, although it is obligatory for the husband doing reasonable sexual intercourse, wife’s sexual intercourse right is once during the entire marriage time. So, although the husband is sinful for leaving the sexual intercourse, he cannot be forced to do so. In Shāfiʻī jurisprudence, the wife has no sexual intercourse right, so the husband is free in this regard. In Mālikī jurisprudence, the wife has the right once every four nights and the husband can be forced to the same amount. Shīʻī well-known and Ḥanbalī jurists believe that the wife has the right once in every four months, which their evidences have been undermined in this study, and the theory of the right of sexual intercourse based on reasonable and customary needs of wife has been proved. Consequently, the husband is obligated to pay attention to the wife’s required and reasonable sexual intercourse and if he leaves it for an unjustified reason, he will be considered sinful and will be forced to do so.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

الحکم الشرعی لترک الزوج الحیاة الزوجیة بلا مبرر بالنظر إلى حق الزوجة بالوطء فی فقه المذاهب الخمسة

Abstract [العربیة]

وفقاً للمذکرة التفسیریة للمادة 1130 من القانون المدنی {ایران}، یعتبر ترک الزوج للحیاة الزوجیة بشروط من مصادیق العسر والحرج، ویمنح الزوجة حق الطلاق.

لکن یبدو أنه قبل إعطاء حق الطلاق لها، ونظراً لامتلاک الزوجة حق الوطء؛ یُعتبر الزوج مذنباً وناشزاً فی ترکه غیر المبرر للحیاة الزوجیة، ویحق للزوجة المطالبة بحقها فی المحکمة فی إجبار الزوج على حق الوطء.

عمدنا فی هذا البحث وفق المنهج الوصفی التحلیلی، ومن خلال دراسة الکتب الفقهیة للمذاهب الخمسة على دراسة "الحکم الشرعی لترک الزوج الحیاة الزوجیة بلا مبرر بالنظر إلى حق الزوجة بالوطء فی فقه المذاهب الخمسة"، وقد خلص البحث إلى وجود خلافات فی فقه المذاهب الخمسة فی مقدار حق الزوجة بالوطء.

فیرى الحنفیة أنّ حق الزوجة فی الوطء هو مرة واحدة فی کلّ الحیاة الزوجیة، وإن کان یجب على الزوج من حیث التکلیف أن یباشر الزوجة (یطأها) بالمعروف، فعلى الرغم من أن الزوج مذنب فی ترک المباشرة، إلا أنه لا یمکن إجباره على الوطء، وعند الشافعیة لیس للزوجة حق للوطء والزوج مختار فی هذا الصدد، ویقول المالکیة أن للزوجة حق مرة واحدة فی کل أربع لیال، ویمکن إجبار الزوج على هذا المقدار.

ویعتقد مشهور فقهاء الشیعة وفقهاء الحنابلة بوجود حق الوطء للزوجة مرة واحدة فی کل أربعة أشهر، وهو ما کشفنا ضعف سنده فی هذه الدراسة، وتم إثبات نظریة الإعفاف الجنسی للزوجة من قبل الزوج (حق المباشرة على أساس حاجات الزوجة المعروفة والمعقولة)، ونتیجة لذلک یلتزم الزوج أن یباشر حاجات الزوجة المعقولة وعند الترک غیر المبرر یعتبر مذنبا.

Keywords [العربیة]

ترک الحیاة الزوجیة
حق الوطء
نشوز الزوج
الإعفاف الجنسی للزوجة
فقه المذاهب الخمسة

Full Text

به فایل PDF مراجعه کنید.

References

The Holy Qurʼān.
al-Numayrī al-Ḥarrānī. Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm (Ibn Taymīyyah). 1987/1408. Al-Fatāwā al-Kubrā li Ibn Taymīyyah. Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyyah.
Ibn Juzay, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. n.d. Al-Qawānīn al-Fiqhīyyah.
Ibn Ḥazm, Abū Muḥammad. n.d. Al-Aḥkām fī Uṣūl. Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīdah.
Ibn Ḥazm, Abū Muḥammad. n.d. al-Muḥallā bi al-Āthār. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr al-Islāmīyyah.
Ibn ʻĀbidīn, Muḥammad ibn Amīn. 1991/1412. Ḥashīyat ibn ʻĀbidīn: Rudda al-Mukhtār ʻAlā al-Durra al- Mukhtār. 2^nd. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr al-Islāmīyyah.
Ibn Qudāmah al-Maqdisī, Muwaffaq al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdullāh ibn Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. 1968/1388. Al-Muqniʻ fī Fiqh Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qāhirah.
al-Ardabīlī, Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ardabīlī). n.d. Zubdat al-Bayān fī Aḥkam al-Qurʻān. Edited by Muḥammad Baqir Bihbūdī. Tehran: al-Maktabat al-Jaʻfarīya li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-Jaʻfarīya.
al-Ishtihārdī, ʻAlī Panāh. 1996/1417. Madārik al-ʻUrwa. Tehran: Dar al-ʻUswa li al-Ṭibāʻa wa al-Nashr.
al-Anṣārī, Murtaḍā Ibn Muḥammad Amin (al-Shaykh al-Anṣārī). 1994/1415. Kitāb al-Nikāḥ. Qom: al-Muʻtamar al-ʻĀlamī Bimunasabat al-Ḍhikrā al-Miʻawīyya al-Thānīyya li Mīlād al-Shaykh al-Aʻẓam al-Anṣārī.
10. al-Baḥrānī, Yūsuf Ibn Aḥmad (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Baḥranī). 1984/1405. al-Ḥadāʻiq al-Nāḍira fī Aḥkām al-ʻItrat al-Ṭāhira. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
11. Āl ʻUṣfūr al-Baḥrānī, Ḥusayn Ibn Muḥāmmad. n.d. al-Anwār al-Lāmiʻ fī Sharḥ Mafātīḥ al-Sharāʻiʻ. Edited by Muḥsin Āl-i ʻUṣfūr al-Baḥrānī. Qom: Majmaʻ al-Buḥūth al-ʻIlmīyya.
12. al-Sanad al-Baḥrānī, Muḥammad. 2008/1429. Sanad al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā: Kitāb al-Nikāh. Qom: Intishārāt Fadak.
13. Al-Bakrī al-Dimyāṭī al-Makkī al-Shāfiʻī, ʻUthmān ibn Muḥammad Shaṭā. 1997/1418. ʼIʻānat al-Ṭālibīn ʻAlāḤall al-Alfāẓ Fatḥ al-Muʻīn bi Sharḥ Qurrat al-ʻAyn bi Muhimmāt al-Dīn. Dār al-Fikr lil Ṭibāʻat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʻ.
14. Al-Bahūtī al-Ḥanbalī, Manṣūr ibn Yūnis ibn Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn. 2006/1427. Minḥ al-Shāfīyāt bi Sharḥ Mufradāt al-Imām Aḥmad. Saudi Arabia: Dār al-Kunūz Ishbīlīyā li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʻ.
15. Al-Bahūtī al-Ḥanbalī, Manṣūr ibn Yūnis ibn Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn. n.d. Kashshāf al-Ghināʻʻan Matn al-ʼIghnāʻ. Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyyah.
16. Al-Jazīrī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān. 1998/1419. Al-Fiqh ʻAlā al-Madhhab al-Arbaʻat wa Madhhab Ahl al-Bayt. Beirut: Dār al-Thaqalayn.
17. Ibn Qudāmah al-Maqdisī, Muwaffaq al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdullāh ibn Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. n.d. Al-Kāfī fī Fiqh al-Imām Ḥanbal. Beirut: Dār al-Maʻrifah.
18. al-Ḥur al-ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan. 2009/1388. Bidāyat al-Hidāyat fī Aḥkām al-Fiqh wa al-Sharāyiʻ. Edited by Muḥammad ʻAlī Anṣārī. Qom: Intishārāt Nūr al-Maṭāf.
19. al-Ḥur al-ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan. al-Ḥurr al-ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan. 1998/1409. Tafṣīl Wasāʻil al-Shīʻa ilā Taḥṣīl al-Masāʼil al-Sharīʻa. Qom: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-turāth.
20. al-Ḥusaynī al-Shīrāzī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad. n.d. al-Rasāʼil al-Thalāth.
21. al-Ḥusaynī al-Shīrāzī, al-Sayyid Sadiq. n.d. al-Masāʼil al-Mustaḥditha.
22. al-Khurāsānī, Muḥammad Kāẓim (al-Ākhund al-Khurasāni). 1998/1409. Kifāyat al-Ūṣūl. Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-turāth.
23. al-Mūsawī al-Khuʼī, al-Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim. n.d. Mabānī al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā. Writen by Sayyid Muḥammad Taqī al-Khuʼī.
24. Al-Dusūqī al-Mālikī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. n.d. Ḥāshīyat al-DusūqīʻAlā al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr. Dār al-Fikr.
25. al-Zuḥaylī, Wahbah. 2006/1424. al-Wajīz fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh. 2^nd. Damacus: Dār al-Fikr.
26. al-Zuḥaylī, Wahbai. n.d. al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa Adillatuhū. 4^th. Syria: Dār al-Fikr.
27. Zaydān, ʻAbd al-Karīm. Al-Mufaṣal fī Aḥkām al-Marʼat wa al-Bayt al-Muslim fī al-Sharīʻat al-Islāmīyyah. Beirut: Muʼasassat al-Risālah.
28. Sāmī ibn Muḥammad ibn Jādullāh. 2013/1435. Al-Ikhtīyārāt al-Fiqhīyat li Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymīyah. Mecca: Dār al-ʻĀlim al-Fawāʼid.
29. al-Subḥānī al-Tabrīzī, Jaʻfar. n.d. Niẓām al-Nikāḥ fī al-Sharīʻat al-Islāmīyya al-Gharrāʻ. Qom.
30. al-Sabzawarī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Sabzawarī). 2002/1423. Kifāyat al-Fiqh (Kifāyat al-Aḥkām). Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
31. al-Sarakhsī, Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad. 1993/1414. al-Mabsūṭ. Beirut: Dār al-Maʻrifa.
32. Shākhūrī, Shaykh Jaʻfar. 1996/1417. Kitāb al-Nikāḥ. Tarīrāt of Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn Faḍl Allāh. Beirut: Dār al-Makkāk.
33. Al-Shāfiāī, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs (Imām Al-Shāfiāī). 1989/1410. Al-Umm. Beirut: Dār al-Maʻrifa
34. Shubiyrī Zanjānī, Sayyid Mūsā. 1998/1419. Kitab-i Nikāḥ. Qom: Muʻassisi-yi Pazhūhishī-yi Raʻy Pardāz.
35. Al-Khaṭīb al-Sharbīnī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (Shams al-Dīn). 1994/1415. Mughnī al-Muḥtāj ʼIlā Maʻrifat Maʻānī Alfāẓ al-Minhāj. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.
36. al-ʻĀmilī, Zayn al-Dīn Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shahīd al-Thānī). 1992/1413. Masālik al-Afhām ilā Tanqiḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Maʻārif al-Islāmīyya.
37. al-Ṣadr, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. 1996/1417. Buḥūth fīʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Muʼassasat al-Maʻārif al-Islāmīyya.
38. Ibn Bābiwayh al-Qommī, Muḥammad Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq). 1992/1413. Man Lā Yahḍuruh al-Faqīh. 2nd. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nash al-Islamī li Jmāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
39. al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Ḥāʼirī, al-Sayyid ʻAlī (Ṣāḥīb al-Rīyaḍ). 1997/1418. Rīyāḍ al-Masāʼil fī Taḥqiq al-Aḥkām bī al-Dalāʼil. Edited by Muḥammad Bahrimand. 1^st. Qom: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth.
40. al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Yazdī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. 1998/1419. al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā fīmā Taʻummu bihī al-Balwā. 2^nd. Beirut: Muʼassasat al-Aʻlamī li al-Maṭbūʻāt.
41. al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Yazdī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. 1993/1414. Takmalat al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā. Qom: Maktabat al-Dāwarī.
42. al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Yazdī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. 2001/1422. al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā Maʻa Taʻālīq al-Imām al-Khumaynī. Tehran:Muʼassasat Tanẓīm wa Nashr Āthār al-Imām al-Khumaynī.
43. al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Ḥakīm, al-Sayyid Muḥsin. 1995/1416. Mustamsak al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā. Qom: Muʼassasat Dār al-Tafsīr.
44. Al-Ṭaḥāwī, Abū Jaʻfar. 1996/1417. Mukhtaṣar Ikhtilāf al-Ulamā. 2^nd. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʼir al-Islāmīyah.
45. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 1967/1387. al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyya. 3^rd. Tehran: al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīya li ʼIḥyaʼ al-Āthār al-Jaʻfarīyah.
46. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 1979/1400. al-Nihāya fī Mujarrad al-Fiqh wa al-Fatāwā. 2nd. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī.
47. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 1986/1407. Tahḍhīb al-Aḥkām. 4th. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya.
48. ʻĀbidī, Aḥmad; Mehrkesh Iḥsān. 2014/1393. Ḥaq-i Jinsī-yi Islām wa Kunwānsīyūn-i Rafʻ-i Tabʻīḍʻalayh-i Zanān. Faṣlnāmih-yi Ḥuqūq Islāmī, 11 (43), 101-136.
49. ʻAsqalānī, Shahāb al-Dīn Abulfaḍl Aḥmad ibn ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad. 1959/1379. Fatḥ al-Bārī SharḥṢaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Beirut: Dār al-Maʻrifah.
50. al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan Ibn Yūsuf (al-ʻAllāma al-Ḥillī). 1968/1388. Tadhkirat al-Fuqahāʻ. Qom: Muʼassast Āl al-Bayt li Īḥyāʻ al-Turāth.
51. Al-ʻAwāyishah, Ḥusayn ibn ʻAwdah. 2004/1425. Al-Mawsūʻat al-Fiqhīyat al-Muyassirat fī Fiqh al-Kitāb wa al-Sunnat al-Muṭahharat. Oman: al-Maktabat al-Islāmīyah.
52. al-Ghazāli, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad. n.d. ʼIḥyāʻUlūm al-Dīn. Beirut: Dār al-Maʻrifah.
53. Al-Fāḍil al-Kāḍimī, Jawād. n.d. Masālik al-Afhām ʼIlā al-Āyāt al-Aḥkām.
54. al-Fāḍil al-Lankarānī, Muḥammad. 2000/1421. Tafṣīl al-Sharīʻat fī Sharḥ Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah (al-Nikāḥ). Qom: Markaz Fiqh al-Aʻimmat al-Aṭhār
55. al-Fāḍil al-Lankarānī, Muḥammad. 2004/1425. Thalāth Rasāʼil. Qom: Markaz Fiqh al-Aʻimmat al-Aṭhār
56. Al-Fāḍil al-Hindī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. 1985/1405. Kashf al-Lithām wa al-Ibhām ʻan Qawāʻid al-Aḥkām. Qom: Manshūrāt Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-ʻUẓmā al-Marʻashī al-Najafī.
57. Fahad, Abdullāh. n.d. al-Mukhtaṣar fī Fiqh al-Ḥuqūq al-Zawjīyah.
58. al-Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. 1985/1406. Kitāb al-Wāfī. Iṣfahān: Maktabat al-Imām Amīr al-Muʻminīn ʻAli.
59. al-Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. n.d. Mafātīḥ al-Sharāʻiʻ. Qom: Manshūrāt Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-ʻUẓmā al-Marʻashī al-Najafī.
60. Al-Qurṭubī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Abī Bakr. 1965/1384. Tafsīr al- Qurṭubī, al-Jāmiʻ lil Aḥkām al-Qurʼān. 2^nd. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣrīyah.
61. Al-Kāsānī, Abū Bakr ibn Masʻūd ibn Aḥmad. 1986/1406. Badāiʼ al-Ṣanāyiʻ fī Tartīb al-Sharāyiʻ. 2^nd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.
62. Muttaqī Hindī, ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn ʻAlī ibn Ḥisām al-Dīn. 1980/1401. Kanz al-ʻUmmal fī Sunnan al-Aqwāl wa al-Afʻāl. 5^th. Beirut: Muʼasassat al-Risālah.
63. al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Taqī (al-Majlisī al-Awwal). 1985/1406. Rawḍat al-Muttaqīn fī Sharḥ Man Lā Yaḥḍaruh al-Faqīh. 2nd. Qom: Bunyād-i Farhang-i Islāmī-yi Kūshanpūr.
64. al-ʻĀmilī al-Karakī, ʻAlī Ibn al-Ḥusayn (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Karakī, al-Muḥaqqiq al-Thānī). 1993/1414. Jamiʻ al-Maqāṣid fī Sharḥ al-Qawaʻid. 2^nd. Qom: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth.
65. Al-Mardāwī, ʻAlā al-Dīn. n.d. al-Inṣāf fī Maʻrifat al-Rājiḥ min al-Khilāf. 2^nd. Beirut: Dār al-ʼIḥyā al-Turath al-ʻArabī.
66. Ibn Qudāmah al-Maqdisī, Muwaffaq al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdullāh ibn Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. n.d. Sharḥ al-Kabīr ʻAlā Matn al-Muqniʻ. Dār al-Kutub al-ʻArabī li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʻ.
67. Makārim Shīrāzi, Nāṣir. 2004/1425. Anwār al-Fiqāhat: Kitāb al-Ḥudūd wa al-Taʻzīrāt. Qom: Madrisi-yi Imām ʻAlī Ib Abī Ṭalib.
68. al-Khumaynī, al-Sayyid Muṣṭafā. n.d. Mustanad Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah. Tehran: Muʼassasat Tanẓīm wa Nashr Āthār al-Imām al-Khumaynī.
69. al-Mūsawī al-ʻĀmilī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad (Ṣāḥīb al-Madārik). 1990/1411. Nihāyat al-Marām fī Sharḥ Mokhtaṣar Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
70. al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. 1983/1404. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. 7^th. Edited by ʻAbbās al-Qūchānī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
71. al-Narāqī, Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Mahdī (al-Fāẓil al-Narāqī). 1994/1415. Mustanad al-Shīʻa fī Aḥkām al-Sharīʻa. Qom: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth.
72. Nawawī, Abū Zakarīyā Yaḥyā ibn Sharaf. n.d. al-Majmūʻ Sharḥ al-Muhadhab. Dār al-Fikr.
73. Hidāyat Nīyā, Farajullāh. 2017/1396. Nushūz-i Zawjayn dar Fiqh wa Niẓām-i Ḥuqūq Iran. Tehran: Pazhūhishgāh-i Farhang va Andīshi-yi Islāmī (Research Institute for Islamic Culture and Thought).