Subjectology and Validity of General Istiṣhāb of the Fourth Type and its Jurisprudential and Legal Manifestations

Afshar, Abazar; Ahangaran, Mohammad Rasool; Movahhedinia, Mahdi

doi:10.22034/jrj.2020.58924.2160

Subjectology and Validity of General Istiṣhāb of the Fourth Type and its Jurisprudential and Legal Manifestations

Document Type : Research (Fast Track Review)

Authors

¹ PhD jurisprudence and the basics of Islamic law, ferdowsi University of mashhad, mashhad, Iran; abazar.afshar@mail.um.ac.ir

² Porfosoor Faculty of Theology, University of Tehran. (Corresponding Author); Farabi Campus, Qom, Iran

³ PhD jurisprudence and the basics of Islamic law, Faculty of Theology, University of Tehran. Tehran-Iran.

10.22034/jrj.2020.58924.2160

Abstract

Contemporary Uṣūlī scholars have developed a fourth type for general istiṣhāb (presumption of continuity), which has been the subject of serious controversy. In Uṣūlī literature, the fourth type of general istiṣhāb refers to the istiṣhāb that the occurrence of the object is certain, and there is a secondary knowledge for the occurrence of a title that is likely to accommodate with the said subject; when there is a possibility that the title will accommodate with another subject, the first subject will be removed, if that title accommodates with that subject, it will forcibly remove the subject, and if it does not accommodate with it, it still has the ability to exist. Therefore, its existence is doubtful. With the realization of the pillars of istiṣhāb, the general istiṣhāb of the fourth type finds validity and authenticity in terms of confirmation, but some Uṣūlīs have absolutely denied its validity. Therefore, the main purpose of the present article is to review the subject and the rule of the general istiṣhāb of the fourth type and to explain its examples and manifestations in jurisprudence and law with an analytical-descriptive approach. According to the findings of this research, the objections of the opponents of the validity of the general istiṣhāb of the fourth type raised against sharʿī example, not to the principle of istiṣhāb. Thus, objections to the example should not be generalized to the rule. By proving the validity of the general istiṣhāb of the fourth type, the jurisprudential and legal manifestations and accommodations of this issue were discussed in the following cases: general istiṣhāb of the continuity of ʿĪd, general istiṣhāb of getting permission to make alterations in leases, mandated and interrupted endowment contracts, general istiṣhāb of kufr regarding apostates, and injustice in narrator-authentication of the testimony of witnesses.

Keywords

20.1001.1.24767565.1401.8.2.1.1

Main Subjects

Practical Principles and Jurisprudential Evidences

Article Title [العربیة]

موضوع وحجیة القسم الرابع من الاستصحاب الکلی وتطبیقاته الفقهیة والقانونیة

Abstract [العربیة]

أبدع الأصولیون المعاصرون قسما رابعا للاستصحاب الکلی، وقد شهد هذا النوع مناقشات حادة واختلفت حوله الآراء بین مؤید ومعارض، والقسم الرابع من الاستصحاب الکلی یکون عندما نحرز وجود فرد معین، ویکون هناک علم ثان بحدوث عنوان یحتمل انطباقه على الفرد المذکور، وعندما یکون هناک احتمال لانطباق ذلک العنوان على فرد آخر یرتفع الفرد الأول، فإذا کان العنوان المذکور منطبقا على هذا الفرد فهو یزول قطعا بارتفاع ذلک الفرد، وإذا لم یکن منطبقا علیه فهو محتمل البقاء، ومن هذه الجهة یکون الشک فی بقائه.

مع توفر أرکان الاستصحاب یکون القسم الرابع من الاستصحاب الکلی معتبرا وصحیحا فی مقام الثبوت، ولکنّ بعض الأصولیین أنکروا حجیته مطلقا، وعلیه فإنّ هدف هذا البحث هو دراسة موضوع وحکم القسم الربع من الاستصحاب الکلی، وتبیین مصادیقه وتطبیقاته فی الفقه والحقوق وفق المنهج الوصفی التحلیلی. وفقا لما توصل إلیه البحث فإنّ إشکالات معارضی اعتبار وحجیة القسم الرابع من الاستصحاب الکلی ترجع إلى أمثلته ومصادیقه الشرعیة ولیس إلى أصل الاستصحاب، وعلیه ینبغی عدم تعمیم إشکالات الأمثلة على أصل القاعدة. وبعد إثبات اعتبار هذا القسم من الاستصحاب عمدنا إلى دراسة وتحلیل عدد من الأمثلة الفقهیة والحقوقیة؛ ومنها تطبیق الاستصحاب الکلی فی الحالات التالیة: بقاء یوم العید، جواز التصرف فی عقود الإجارة والوکالة والوقف المنقطع، کفر المرتد، عدم العدالة فی جرح وتعدیل الشهود.

Keywords [العربیة]

القسم الرابع من الاستصحاب الکلی
الکلی والفرد
الأصول العملیة
جواز التصرف

Full Text

در حال آماده سازی است...

References

al-Khurāsānī, Muhammad Kāẓim (al-Ākhund al-Khurasāni). 2006/1427. Kifāyat al-Ūṣūl. Qom: Muʻassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʻ al-Turāth.
al-Anṣārī, Murtaḍā Ibn Muḥammad Amin (al-Shaykh al-Anṣārī). 2007/1428. Farāʼid al-Uṣūl. 5^th. Qom: Majmaʻ al-Fikr al-Islāmī.
al-Iīrawānī, Bāqir. 2001/1422. al-Uṣūl fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom (Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzi-yī ʻIlmīyyi-yi Qom).
al-Tabrīzī, Jawād. 2008/1387. Durūs fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. 2^nd. Qom: Dār al-Ṣidīqat al-Shahīdah.
Some Researchers. 2010/1389. Farhan Nāmih-yi Uṣūl Fiqh. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom (Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzi-yī ʻIlmīyyi-yi Qom).
al-Ḥur al-ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan. 1988/1409. Tafṣīl Wasāʼil al-Shīʻa ilā Taḥṣīl al-Masāʼil al-Sharīʻa. Qom: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ a-lturāth.
al-Ḥusaynī al-Rawḥānī, Sayyd Muḥammad. 2004/1425. Muntaqī al-Uṣūl. Taqrīr (writen by) ʻAbd al-Ṣāḥib al-Ḥakīm. Qom: the Office of al-Sayyid al-Ḥusaynī al-Rawḥānī.
al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī). 2002/1381. Al-Istiṣḥāb. Tehran: Muʼassasat Tanẓīm wa Nashr Āthār al-Imām al-Khumaynī.
al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī). 2001/1420. Al-Tahdhīb fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Tehran: Muʼassasat Tanẓīm wa Nashr Āthār al-Imām al-Khumaynī.
al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī). 1998/1377. Tanqīḥ al-Uṣūl. Tehran: Chāp wa Nashr-i ʻUrūj.
al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī). 1987/1408. Miṣbāḥ al-Uṣūl. 4^th. Qom: al-Ghadīr.
al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī). 1997/1418. Al-Mawsūʻat al-Imām al-Khuʼī. Qom: Muʼassasat Tanẓīm wa Nashr Āthār al-Imām al-Khumaynī.
al-Subḥānī al-Tabrīzī, Jaʻfar. 1997/1418. Al-Maḥṣūl fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Taqrīr (written by) Maḥmūd Jalālī Māzandarānī. Qom: Iʻtimād.
al-Jazāʼirī, Mūsā. 2012/1391. Dars al-Khārij al-Fiqh. Available at: eshia.ir/feqh/archive/text/jazayeri/osool/90/910225/
Shahīdī, Muḥammad Taqī. 2016/1395. Dars al-Khārij: Qāʻidat al-Istiṣḥāb. Available at: https://www.eshia.ir/Feqh/Archive/shahidi/osool/95#lesson_951013
al-Ṣadr, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. 2021/1400. Al-Ḥalqat al-Thālithat fī Uslūbihā al-Thānī. Edited by Bāqir al-Eīrawānī. Tehran: Qalam.
al-Ṣadr, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. 1985/1406 Buḥūth fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Taqrīr (written by) Sayyid Maḥmūd al-Hāshimī al-Shāhrūdī. Qom: Muʼasassat Dāʼirat al-Maʻārif Fiqh al-Islāmī.
al-Ṣadr, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. 1987/1408. Mabāḥith al-Uṣūl. Taqrīr (written by) Kāẓim al-Ḥusaynī al-Ḥāʼirī. Qom: Maktabat al-Iʼlām al-Islāmī
al-Ḥakīm, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Saʻīd. 2005/1426. Al-Muḥkam fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Qom: Muʼasassat al-Minār.
al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Qommī, Taqī. 1992/1371. Ārāʼunā fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Qom: Intishārāt Muhallātī.
al-Fāḍil al-Lankarānī, Muḥammad. 2007/1386. Seyrī Kāmil dar Uṣūl Fiqh. Edited by Muḥammad Dādsitān. Qom:Feyḍīyah.
al-Fāḍil al-Lankarānī, Muḥammad. 2002/1381. Uṣūl Fiqh Shīʻah. 4^th. Qom: Markaz Fiqh al-Aʻimmat al-Aṭhār.
al-ʻIrāqī, Āqā Ḍīyāʻ al-Dīn. 1996/1417. Nihāyat al-Afkār. 3^rd. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
al-ʻIrāqī, Āqā Ḍīyāʻ al-Dīn. 1999/1420. Maqālāt al-Uṣūl. Qom: Majmaʻ al-Fikr al-Islāmī.
Muḥammadī Qāyinī, 2017/1396. Khārij Uṣūl: Istiṣḥāb Kullī Qism Rābiʻ. Available at: https://www.eshia.ir/feqh/archive/text/ghaeeni/osool/95/960121/
Al-Murawijī, ʻAlī. 2006/1427. Tamhīd al-Wasāʼil fī Sharḥ al-Rasāʼil. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. 2003/1382. Anwār al-Uṣūl. Taqrīrāt Aḥmad Qudsī. Qom: Madrasi-yi Imām ʻAli Ibn Abī Ṭālib.
Muṭaharī, Murtaḍā. n.d. Darshā-yi Ilāhīyat Shafā. Tehran: Ṣadrā.
al-Mūsawī al-Bujnurdī, al-Sayyid Ḥasan. n.d. Muntahā al-ʻUṣūl.Qom: Maktabat Baṣīratī.
Hamadānī, Riḍā ibn Hādī. 1997/1376. Miṣbāḥ al-Faqīh (Kitāb al-Ṭahārah). Edited by Muḥammad Bāqirī. Qom: al-Maktabat al-Jaʻfarīya li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-Jaʻfarīya.
Al-Gharawī al-Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Iṣfaḥānī, Mīrzā Nāʼīnī, Kumpānī). 1997/1376. Fawāʼid al-Uṣūl. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Yazdī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. 2009/1388. al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā wa al-Taʻlīqāt ʻAlayhā. Qom: Muʼasassat al-Sibṭayn al-ʻĀlimīyah.