The Determining of a Judge in Imāmīyah Jurisprudence Compared to the Existing Judicial System

Document Type : Research (Fast Track Review)

Authors

1 PhD student in jurisprudence and basics of law at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

2 Professor Department of Jurisprudence Faculty of Theology Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad.

3 Department of Jurisprudence and Principles of Law, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Abstract

Based on the propounded consensus, the authority of determining a judge has been given to the claimant, but on the other hand, in addition to not implementing this view in the current judicial system, some other jurists have given this importance authority to the ruler and the government. Now, the question that the current study has addressed is the analysis of the issue of the authority of determining a judge, in the sense that as a Ḥukm Awwalī and Thānawī (primary and secondary ruling) and also in the current judicial system, Is the claimant responsible for determining the judge or the government? In a research that was carried out by a library and analytical method, the widely known viewpoint has been explained along with three reasons. But due to the deficiency in these reasons and the existence of stronger reasons against it such as verses of the Holy Qurʼān and traditions, the Ḥukm Awwalī and Thānawī has been given the responsibility of the authority of determining a judge to the government, while various justifications have also been explained for the opinion of those who claim this authority to the claimant. 

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

القواعد الفقهیة المتضمّنة فی تجریم تدمیر البیئة

Abstract [العربیة]

تسببت الجهود المدمرة والأنشطة غیر المنظمة من قبل البعض فی تدمیر البیئة وتدمیر مواردها، وقد جلبت هذه القضیة مخاطر جسیمة على حیاة الإنسان الحالیة والأجیال القادمة.

فی هذا السیاق، یلاحظ النقائص والمشاکل القانونیة الناجمة عن عدم وجود قوانین شاملة فی المجال الجنائی والجزائی، وکذلک الضمان التنفیذی الخفیف، وعدم مراعاة أصل التناسب بین الجریمة والعقاب، والذی من المتوقع أن یحاول المشرع إصلاحها.

وفی هذا الصدد، من الضروری تحدید وتبیین الأسس الفقهیة لتجریم تدمیر البیئة فی دراسات الباحثین وأبحاثهم.

هذه المسألة تشکل سؤال هذه المقالة. والمتحصل من هذه الدراسة هی أن مجموعة من القواعد الفقهیة تتشکل مبانی هذا التجریم، منها: قاعدة لا ضرر الفقهیة و قاعدة التعزیر وقاعدة النهی عن الإفساد فی الأرض و.. والذی تم دراسة إمکانیة الاستدلال بها وأبعادها فی هذا المقال.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • التجریم
  • تدمیر البیئة
  • الجریمة البیئیة
  • لاضرر
  • التعزیر لکل حرام
  • النهی عن الفساد

Full Text

به فایل کلی مقالات مراجعه نمایید

References

  1. *The Holy Quran

    *Nahjol Balagheh

    1. Akhund Khorasani, Mohammad Kazem. (1431 AH). Enough the principles. Seventh edition. Qom: Al-Bayt Foundation for the Revival of Heritage.
    2. Ardabil, Ahmad. (unpublished). Butter of the statement in the provisions of the Qur'an. Tehran: The Jaafari Library to revive the Jaafari monuments.
    3. Bahr al-Uloom, Mohammad. (1403 AH). Balagh Al-Faqih. Fourth edition. Tehran: Al-Sadegh Library Publications.
    4. Bahram Soltani, Kambiz. (1386). An introduction to understanding the environment. Tehran: Environmental Protection Organization Publishing.
    5. Dehkhoda, Aliakbar. (1377). Dictionary. Fourteenth edition. Tehran: University of Tehran Publishing.
    6. Fazel Lankarani, Mohammad. (1421 AH). Tafsil Al-Sharieh. (Second edition). Qom: Jurisprudence Center of the Imams.
    7. Goldozian, Iraj. (1385). Exclusive criminal law. Twelfth edition. Tehran: University of Tehran Publishing.
    8. Golpayegani, Seyyed Mohammad Reza. (1409 AH). Majma Al-Masael. Second edition. Qom: Dar Al-Quran Al-Karim.
    9. Golpayegani, Seyyed Mohammad Reza. (1412 AH). Al-Dar Al-Manzood in Ahkam Al-Hodood. Qom: Dar Al-Quran Al-Karim.
    10. Haji Debabadi, Ahmad. (1399). Rules of criminal jurisprudence. Fourth edition. Tehran: Research Center and University.
    11. Halabi, Abi Al-Saleh. (1387). Sufficient in jurisprudence. Qom: Third edition. Tebyan Cultural and Information Institute.
    12. Hashemi Shahroudi, seyed mohammad. (1378). Requirements of criminal Jurisprudential. First edition. Tehran: Mizan Publishing.
    13. Honary, Morteza. (1362). "Environment and Development". Journal of Environment. Number three.
    14. Ibn Edris Hali, Mohammad ibn Mansour. (1410 AH). Al-Saraer Al-Hawi to write the fatwas. (Second edition). Qom: Islamic Publication Office.
    15. Investigation of Abdul Salam Mohammad Haroon, Beirut: World of books.
    16. Ibn Qadameh, Abd Al-Rahman. (1403 AH). Al-Mughni and Al-Sharh Al-Kabir. Beirut, Dar Al-Ketab Al-Arabi.
    17. Ibn Zohreh, Hamzeh. (1411 AH). The richness of the development to the knowledge of the principles and the branches. Third edition. Qom: Imam Sadegh Foundation peace be upon him.beirut,
    18. Imam Khomeini, Seyyed Ruhollah. (1421 AH), Tahrir Al-Vasileh. Third edition. Tehran: Imam Khomeini Publishing and Arranging Institute.
    19. Imam Khomeini, Seyyed Ruhollah. (1420 AH), Al-Rasael. Third edition. Tehran: Islamic Bookstore.
    20. Imam Khomeini, Seyyed Ruhollah. (1423 AH), religious jurisprudent. Tehran: Imam Khomeini Publishing and Arranging Institute.
    21. Irvani, Bagher. (1426 AH). Preparatory lessons in jurisprudential reules. Third edition. Qom: Dar Al-Figh for printing and publishing.
    22. Isfahani, Sheikh Sharieh and Fathullah Namazi. (1385). Ghaedat Al-Zarar. Qom: Islamic Publishing Foundation, Qom:
    23. Javadi Amoli, Abdullah. (1386). Islam and the environment. Second edition. Qom: Publishing prisoners.
    24. Khansari, Seyyed Ahmad. (1405 AH). Comprehensive documents in a bried description of the benefits. Second edition Qom: Ismaili Institute.
    25. Khoei, Seyyed Abu Al-Ghasem. (1416 AH). Serat Al-Nejat. Qom: Selected Publishing School.
    26. Khoei, Seyyed Abu Al-Ghasem. (1422 AH). Foundations of completing the curriculum. Qom: Institute for the Revival of the Works of Imam Al-Khoei.
    27. Khoei, Syed Abu al-Qasim. (unpublished). Mesbah Al feqahat.
    28. Makarem Shirazi, Naser. (1411 AH). Jurisprudential rules. Thired edition. Qom, Imam Amir Al-Momenin School.
    29. Marash Shoushtari, Seyyed Mohammad Hasan. (1376). New Perspectives on Islamic Criminal Law. Edited by Abbas Shiri, Second edition. Tehran: Mizan Publishing.
    30. Mehrizi, Mehdi. (1379). "Justice as a jurisprudential rule". Review. number two.
    31. meshkini, ali. (1374). Estelahat al osol , mozamo abhasoha. Qom: hadi pablishment.
    32. Mir mouhammad sadeghi, Hossein. (1397). Exclusive criminal law (crimes against property). Tehran: Mizan Publishing.
    33. Mohaghegh Hali, Jafar. (1408 AH). Sharae Al-Islam in Masael of Halal and Haram. Research and correction by Abdul Hossein Mohammad Ali Baghal. Second edition. Qom: Ismailis.
    34. Mohaghegh son-in-law of Mostafa. (1382). Rules of jurisprudence civil section. (Tenth edition). Tehran: Islamic Sciences Publishing Center.
    35. Mohaghegh son-in-law of Mostafa. (1406 AH). Rules of jurisprudence criminal section. (Twelfth edition). Tehran: Islamic Sciences Publishing Center.
    36. Mohammadi Rey Shahri, Mohammad. (1384). Mizan Al- Hekmat. Fourth edition. Qom: Dar Al-Hadith.
    37. Moin, Mohammad. (1371). Persian culture. Tehran: Amir Kabir publishing.
    38. Montazeri, Hossein Ali. (1405 AH), Resale Esteftat. Qom: unpublishing.
    39. Montazeri, Hossein Ali. (1409). Jurisprudential principles of Islamic government. Translator: Salavati, Mahmoud and Shakooru, Abu Al, Qom: Keyhan Institute.
    40. Montazeri, Hossein Ali. (1408 AH). Studies in the Jurisprudential and Jurisprudential of the Islamic state. Qom: High Center for Islamic Studies.
    41. Motahari, Morteza. (1390). Collection. Seventh edition. Qom: Sadra Publications.
    42. Mousavi Ardebili, Seyyed Abd Al-Karim. (1427 AH). Figh of limits and punishments. Second edition. Qom: Publishing Foundation for useful community, may God have mercy on him.
    43. Mousavi Bojnordi, Mohammad. (1385). Rules of Jurisprudential. Tehran: Majd Publications.
    44. Naieni, mohammad hosein. (1373). Monyatt al- taleb. Tehran: Maktabat al- mohamadiyyah.
    45. Najafi, Mohammad Hasan. (unpublished). The jewel of speech in matters of solution and sanctity. Research of Sheikh Abbas Quchani. Seventh edition. Beirut: Dar Al-Ahya Al-Tarath Al-Arabi.
    46. Naraghi, Abd Al-fattah. (1417). The titles of Jurisprudential. Qom: Islanic Publications Office affiliated with the Qom Seminary Teachers Association.
    47. Naraghi, Ahmad. (1417 AH). Avaed Al-Ayam. Qom: Islamic Propaganda Office.
    48. nayini, Mohamad hosein. (1417 AH). Almakaseb va al bey. Qom: Islamic Publications Office.
    49. Nouri, Jafar. (1372). Comprehensive environmental culture. Tehran: University of Tehran Publishing.
    50. Odeh, Abdul Ghader. (1361). Islamic criminal legislation in the five religions is compared to the legal situation. Beirut: Al-Beseh Institute (Islamic Studies).
    51. Rahbarpoor, Mohammad Reza and Noor Mohammadi, Hossein. (1397). “Legal-Judicial Challenges of the Crime of Corruption on Earth in the Islamic Penal Code 1392”. Criminal Law Research, NO 22.
    52. Safi Golpayegani, Lotfollah. (1404 AH). Al-Tazir types and accessories. Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
    53. Sarakhsi, Mohammad. (1414 AH). Al-Mobaset. Beirut: Dar AL-Marefeh.
    54. Seyyed Emami, Kavous. (1389). Environmental ethics. Tehran: Imam Sadeghh University Publications.
    55. Sheikh Ansari, Morteza. (1415 AH). Ketab Al makaseb. Qom: World Congress in honor of Sheikh Azam Ansari.
    56. Sheikh Ansari, Morteza. (1419 AH). The principles of principles. Qom: Islamic Thought Association.
    57. Sheikh Tusi, Mohammad. (1378). Al-Mabsoot in Fiqh Al-Emamieh. Second edition. Tehran: Mortazavi School.
    58. Sheikh Tusi, Muhammad. (1387). Al mabsut fi feqh Al emamyyeh. Third edition. Tehran: Mortazavi Library to revive Jafari's works.
    59. Sistani, Seyyed Ali. (1414 AH). The rule is no harm and no harm. Qom: Office of Ayatollah Sistani.
    60. Sobhani, Jafar. (1381). Refinement of principles. Second edition. Tehran: Imam Khomeini Publishing Institution.
    61. Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein. (1363). Al-Mizan in Al-Tafsir Al-Quran. Translated by Seyyed Mohammad Bagher Mousavi Hamedani. Third edition. Qom: Islamic Publications Office affiliated with the Qom Seminary Teachers Association.
    62. Tabatabai Yazdi, Seyed Mohammad Kazem. (1421 AH). Hashayato Al makaseb. second edition. Qom: Ismailian Institute.
    63. Validi, Muhammad. (1376). Exclusive criminal law in detailing the rules of destruction. Tehran: Dad Publishing.
Islamic Law, Jurisprudence and Methodology
Volume 9, Issue 2 - Serial Number 31
Articles
August 2023
Pages 63-100

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 08 March 2022
  • Revise Date: 01 June 2022
  • Accept Date: 28 August 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics