Analyzing Istīdhān in Retribution During the Era of Islamic Governance Based on the Theory of Appointment

Document Type : Research (Fast Track Review)

Author

Assistant Professor Hakim Sabzevari University

10.22034/jrj.2024.68653.2788

Abstract

One of the judicial institutions involved in the execution of retribution (qiṣāṣ) is istīdhān (seeking permission), a subject of debate in Islamic jurisprudence regarding its necessity. After the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the legislator, following the fourth principle of the constitution, emphasized the necessity of this institution within the penal code. According to the fifth principle of the constitution, wilāyah al-faqīh (guardianship of the jurisprudent) forms the basis of governmental legitimacy. In political jurisprudence, two main theories—intikhāb (election) and intiṣāb (appointment)—have been proposed for wilāyah al-faqīh, with both theories claiming constitutional support.
Using a descriptive-analytical approach, this study aims to answer the question: assuming the legitimacy of sovereignty in an Islamic government is based on the theory of appointment, what role does the institution of istīdhān in retribution play within this legal system? Drawing from legal sources and scholarly opinions, this research examines the intellectual framework of the theory of appointment and its implications for judicial practice. Based on jurisprudential foundations, it appears that, assuming the necessity of seeking permission (istīdhān) from the Supreme Leader in matters of retribution, this requirement faces significant challenges. If it is not entirely impermissible, it certainly goes against the principle of iḥtīyāṭ (caution). Under the theory of appointment, all governing institutions fall under the authority and leadership of the supreme leader, and the reasoning behind the establishment of istīdhān emerges from this political structure. Therefore, the necessity of this institution has already been established within this framework.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

دراسة الاستئذان فی القصاص فی عصر الحکومة الإسلامیة على أساس فکرة الانتصاب

Abstract [العربیة]

یعتبر "الاستئذان فی القصاص" أحد الکیانات القضائیة فی مرحلة تنفیذ حد القصاص، وقد اختلف الفقهاء حول لزومه أو عدم لزومه. وبعد الثورة، نصّ المشرع، استناداً إلى المادة الرابعة من الدستور، على وجوب هذا الکیان فی قانون العقوبات.
وفقا للمادة الخامسة من الدستور، تعتبر ولایة الفقیه هی مبنى مشروعیة الحکومة، وبالنظر إلى وجود نظریتین رئیسیتین فی الفقه السیاسی حول ولایة الفقیه، وهما نظریة الانتخاب ونظریة الانتصاب، حیث یستند کل منهما إلى أدلة من الدستور لتأیید رأیه.
تهدف الدراسة هذه التی تعتمد على المنهج الوصفی التحلیلی، إلى الإجابة على السؤال التالی: إذا کانت نظریة الانتصاب هی أساس مشروعیة الحکم فی الحکومة الإسلامیة، فما هو وضع مؤسسة "الاستئذان فی القصاص" فی النظام القانونی لهذه الحکومة؟
فی هذه الدراسة، تمّ تحلیل بنیة فکرة الانتصاب وتأثیرها على المؤسسات القضائیة بالاستناد إلى المصادر والآراء الفقهیة. وبناءً على المبانی الفقهیة، یبدو أنه إذا افترضنا صحة نظریة لزوم الاستئذان من الولی الفقیه فی القصاص، فإن جمیع المؤسسات الحکومیة تخضع لسلطة الولی الفقیه وولایته العامة، وفقاً لنظریة الانتصاب. وبالتالی، فإن وجود مؤسسة الاستئذان فی هذا النظام السیاسی هو نتیجة حتمیة لهذه النظریة. ومع ذلک، فإن وجوب هذه المؤسسة هو أمر مستنبط ولیس نصاً صریحاً، وعلیه، فإن وجود تحدیات عدیدة لهذه المؤسسة یجعلها على الأقل مخالفة للاحتیاط، إن لم تکن محرمة.
بناءً على المبانی الفقهیة، یبدو أنه إذا سلّمنا بضرورة الاستئذان من الولی فی القصاص، نظراً إلى أن جمیع المؤسسات الحاکمة تقع تحت إشرافه وولایته وفقاً لنظریة الانتصاب، وأن سبب وضع هذه المؤسسة فی هذا الهیکل السیاسی هو تحصیل المصلحة، وضرورة مؤسسة الاستئذان هی تحصیل حاصل، وبالنظر إلى تحدیاتها المتعددة ، فإنه إذا لم نقل إنها غیر جائزة، فهی بالتأکید مخالفة للاحتیاط.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • الاستئذان
  • الولی الفقیه
  • القصاص
  • نظریة الانتصاب

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Islamic Law, Jurisprudence and Methodology
Volume 10, Issue 2 - Serial Number 35
Articles
June 2024
Pages 1-1

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History

  • Receive Date: 06 March 2024
  • Revise Date: 11 May 2024
  • Accept Date: 11 May 2024

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