The Invalidity of Khabar al-Wāḥid as Restricted to the Transactions and Contracts

Document Type : Research (Normal Review)

Authors

1 Associate Professor and Faculty Member, Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Sistan and Baluchestan University;Zahedan-Iran

2 Graduate PhD at Department of Jurisprudence and Foundations of Islamic Law . Zahedan-Iran; moazzeni62@gmail.com

Abstract

According to the widely known viewpoint of the Uṣūlīyūn, khabar al-wāḥid (tradition with a single transmitter) is valid as a special presumption (ẓan al-khāṣ). The most important reason for its validity is considered to be the intellectuals’ attitude. But some others, citing the reason for obstruction (insidād), use akhbār al-wāhid for the absolute benefit of presumption. What needs to be discussed is whether the validity of the khabar al-wāḥid is used in the same way in both parts of worship (ʻibādīyāt) and transactions. Written in a descriptive-analytical method, this study shows that by proving the principle of non-devotional transaction rules, in its specific sense, the Akhbār al-Āḥād of these chapters are not useful for the presumption of survival (ẓan bih baqāʼ). Therefore, the proof will not be valid due to obstruction. Thus, in the chapter on transactions and contracts, Khabar al-wāḥid cannot be considered as validation either because of a specific proof or because of obstruction. Consequently, legislation in the field of transactions and contracts is the responsibility of experts (jurisprudents) and their compliance with the general purposes of the sharīʻah, such as non-ghararī (uncertain) and non-harmful. However, the usefulness of the narrations of the mentioned chapters can be indicative of the attitude and perception of the lawmaker (shāriʻ) in setting the laws of the society. As a result, the invalidity of akhbār al-āḥād will be useful for restricting transactions to contemporary transactions of maʻṣūm (infallible) and the transactions approved by him.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

حجیة خبر الواحد فی استنباط أحکام المعاملات والعقود؛ دراسة نقدیة

Abstract [العربیة]

یرى مشهور الأصولیین حجیة خبر الواحد من باب الظن الخاص، والدلیل على ذلک هو سیرة العقلاء. لکن البعض یرى حجیة أخبار الآحاد من باب إفادة الظن مطلقاً وذلک بناء على دلیل انسداد باب العلم والعلمی.

والسؤال الضروری هنا هل یتم تطبیق حجیة خبر الواحد على حد سواء فی مجالی العبادات والمعاملات؟

یوضح هذا المقال، المعد وفق المنهج الوصفی التحلیلی، أنه مع إثبات أصل عدم أبدیة أحکام المعاملات بالمعنى الأخص (أی: العقود والإیقاعات)، لا تفید أخبار الأحاد فی هذه الأبواب الظن بالبقاء؛ لذلک لا تکون حجة بناءً على دلیل الانسداد أیضاً.

ومن هذا المنطلق، لا یعتبر خبر الواحد حجة فی بابی المعاملات والعقود، لا من باب الدلیل خاص ولا استناداً إلى دلیل الانسداد. ونتیجة لذلک فإن التقنین فی مجالی المعاملات والعقود، وانطباقها مع المقاصد العامة للشریعة، من قبیل عدم الغرر وعدم الضرر، هو من مسؤولیة الخبراء (الفقهاء).

لکن فائدة روایات الأبواب المذکورة تکمن فی أنه یمکن أن تکون مؤشرا على موقف الشریعة وذوقها فی وضع قوانین المجتمع.

ونتیجة لذلک، تفید روایات الباب عدم حجیة الأخبار الآحاد فی حصر المعاملات فی المعاملات المعاصرة للمعصوم وممضاته .

Keywords [العربیة]

  • دلیل الانسداد
  • العقود
  • فقه المعاملات
  • حجیة خبر الواحد
  • المعاملات بالمعنى الأخص

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Islamic Law, Jurisprudence and Methodology
Volume 10, Issue 1 - Serial Number 34
Articles
June 2024
Pages 177-204

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History

  • Receive Date: 29 October 2022
  • Revise Date: 14 May 2023
  • Accept Date: 28 September 2023

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