Feasibility of Refutation of “Unfair Terms” Based on Imāmī Jurisprudence Sources

Document Type : Research (Fast Track Review)

Authors

1 Department of law/Mashhad branch/Islamic Azad university/Mashhad/Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad-Iran.

Abstract

In recent decades, several new terms have been increasingly used in the laws and rules of Arab countries, all of which somehow indicate the unfairness of the contract (either in the nature of the contract or in the terms of the contract). One of these terms is “unfair condition.” The most important feature of unfair (taʻasufī) conditions is the exploitation and abuse of the external or internal weakness of the weak party. Iranian law has addressed the imposed or unfair conditions with delay and in a more limited way. Unfair condition is not mentioned in any jurisprudential sources, but it is possible to analyze it based on jurisprudential sources. There are two possibilities in refutation and the need to adjust the unfair terms: the correctness and refutation approach. Contractual freedom and the validity of contracts, the principle of validity and the non-inclusion of an unfair condition among refutation conditions are the evidence of the first possibility. Entering into the conditions contrary to the Holy Qurʼān and the Sunnah, the principle of justice and fairness, the prohibition of disorder in the system, the forbidding the uncertain (gharar), the forbidding of consuming property wrongfully, and the unity of the criteria with similar subjects such as al-Bayʻ ʻalā al-Bayʻ, al-Sawm ʻalā al-Sawm, Najsh and Talaqqā al-Rukbān are evidence of the second possibility. In case of refutation of an unfair terms, it is possible to dictate the possibility of termination or modification of the contract in favour of the weaker party. 

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

دراسة جدوى بطلان "الشروط التعسفیة" فی ضوء مصادر الفقه الإمامی

Abstract [العربیة]

فی العقود الأخیرة، تم استخدام عدد من المصطلحات الجدیدة بشکل متزاید فی الحقوق والقوانین فی الدول العربیة، والتی تشیر جمیعها إلى نوع من عدم العدالة والمساواة فی العقد (سواء فی جوهر العقد أو فی شروطه). أحد هذه المفاهیم هو "الشّرط التعسّفی". أهمّ سمة للشروط التعسّفیة هی استغلال وسوء استخدام ضعف خارجی أو داخلی للطرف الضعیف.
تناولتْ حقوق وقوانین إیران، متأخّرةً وبشکلٍ محدودٍ، الشروطِ القسریةِ أو غیرِ العادلةِ. لم تُشرْ أیٌّ من مصادرِ الفقهِ إلى الشّرطِ التعسّفی، لکنْ من الممکنِ تحلیلُهُ على أساسِ تلک المصادرِ.
هناک احتمالان لبطلان الشرط التعسفی أو وجوب تعدیله: إتجاه الصحة وإتجاه البطلان.
أما أدلة الاحتمال الأول فهی:
حریة العقود واعتبار العقود، وأصل الصحة وعدم اندراج الشرط التعسفی من بین الشروط الباطلة.
وأدلة الاحتمال الثانی فهی: الدخول فی شروط المخالفة للکتاب والسنة. وقاعدة العدل والإنصاف، وحرمة اختلال النظام، والنهی عن بیع الغرر، والنهی عن أکل المال بالباطل.
وحدة المناط أو الملاک مع موضوعات مشابهة مثل البیع على البیع، والسوم على السوم، والنّجش، وتلقّی الرّکبان.
فی حال القول ببطلان الشرط التعسفی، یمکن الحکم بإمکانیة فسخ أو تعدیل العقد لصالح الطرف الضعیف.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • الشرط التعسفی
  • الشروط التعسفیة
  • النجش
  • تلقی الرکبان
  • عقد الاذعان
  • حقوق وقوانین الدول العربیة

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Islamic Law, Jurisprudence and Methodology
Volume 10, Issue 1 - Serial Number 34
Articles
June 2024
Pages 139-175

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History

  • Receive Date: 13 February 2024
  • Revise Date: 13 April 2024
  • Accept Date: 02 May 2024

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