The Effect of the Occurrence of General Excuse in Farming Partnership Contract from the Fiqh and Law Point of View

Document Type : Research (Normal Review)

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of law at Razavi Islamic Sciences University; (Corresponding Author); zanganehjafar@gmail.com

2 Master of Private Law at Razavi Islamic Sciences University and Student of third Level at Khorasan Seminary; alihosseinpoormashhad@gmail.com

Abstract

Farming partnership contract is one of the obligatory contracts which obligations resulting from it can impressed by general excuse. The topics of general excuse are mostly mentioned under the rubric of force majeure while it comes under the rubric of general excuse in the jurisprudential sources. This topic is of special interest to jurists in some of jurisprudential chapters, especially in farming partnership contract. Its various rules and dimensions have been sporadically discussed. In farming partnership contract, a general excuse may occur at the time of contract sign or during the farming. The existence of a general excuse basically invalidates the contract at the time of farming contract sign. Because the general excuse is conducive to non-benefit of ground as one of the basic pillars of farming contract. But, there is a disagreement about occurrence of general excuse during the farming and its effect on the contract.  Although some scholars see the emergence of general excuse for the obligee as creating the right of cancellation, they are applying the Istiṣhāb (presumption of continuity) of contract validity. In return, some others believe that the farming partnership contract will be cancelled in this case. The last view which is taken into account in Article 527 of the Iranian Civil Code has stronger foundations, because the general excuse is conducive to the loss of usability of the farm. The usability of the farm as one of the pillars of the farming partnership contract is not only a condition in signing the contract but also is the condition in continuation of that and it is from the existential pillars of farming partnership contract.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

تأثیر وقوع العذر العام على عقد المزارعة فی الفقه والحقوق

Abstract [العربیة]

یعدّ عقد المزارعة واحدا من العقود اللازمة التی یمکن أن تتأثر التعهدات الناشئة عنه بالعذر العام. وقد أشیر إلى مسائل العذر العام فی علم الحقوق بمصطلح القوة القاهرة؛ بینما جاء فی المصادر الفقهیة تحت عنوان "العذر العام". وقد حظی هذا الموضوع باهتمام کبیر من الفقهاء فی بعض أبواب الفقه؛ ولا سیّما فی عقد المزارعة بسبب کثرة الابتلاء به فی هذا العقد، وکان هناک أبحاث حول أبعاد هذا الموضوع وأحکامه ولو بشکل متفرّق، ویمکن أن یحصل العذر العام فی المزارعة فی أثناء العقد أو فی فترة المزارعة.

إنّ وجود العذر العام متزامنا مع انعقاد عقد المزارعة یؤدی إلى بطلان هذا العقد من الأساس، وذلک لأنّ العذر العام یمنع الانتفاع بالأرض، وهذا الانتفاع هو رکن أساس فی عقد المزارعة، أمّا فیما یرتبط بحدوث العذر العام أثناء فترة المزارعة وتأثیره على العقد فهناک اختلاف فی الآراء؛ فالبعض یقول أنّ ظهور العذر العام یعطی المتعهد له حقّ الفسخ ومع ذلک یرون استصحاب صحة العقد، والبعض الآخر قالوا بانفساخ عقد المزارعة فی هذا الفرض، ولهذا الرأی المعتبر فی المادة 527 من القانون المدنی الإیرانی مبانی أقوى من القول الأول، وذلک لأنّ العذر العام یؤدی إلى زوال إمکانیة الانتفاع بالأرض، وهذا الانتفاع لیس شرطا فی تأسیس عقد المزارعة فحسب بل هو شرط فی استمراریة العقد ومن أرکانه الوجودیة.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • عقد المزارعة
  • العذر العام
  • صور العذر العام
  • آثار الفسخ
  • آثار البطلان

Full Text

فایل Pdf ...

References

  1. Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥillī, Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad. 1996/1410. al-Sarāʻir al-Ḥāwī li Taḥrir al-Fatāwī. Qom: Muʻassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
  2. al-Ḥusaynī al-Ḥalabī, Ḥamzat ībn ʻAlī (Ibn Zuhra). 1996/1415. Ghunyat al-Nuzūʻ ilā ʻIlmay al-Uṣūl wa al-Furūʻ. Qom: Muʻassasat al-Imām al-Sādiq.
  3. Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad Ibn Mukarram. 1993/1414. Lisān al-ʻArab. 3rd. Beirut: Dār al-Fīkr.
  4. al-Ardabīlī, Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ardabīlī). 1982/1403. Majmaʻ al-Faʻida wa al-Burhan fī Sharḥ Īrshād al-Aḍhhān. Edited by Mujtabā alIraqī. Qom: Muʻassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
  5. al-Ishtihārdī, ʻAlī Panāh. 1996/1417. Madārik al-ʻUrwa. Tehran: Dar al-ʻUswa li al-Ṭibāʻa wa al-Nashr.
  6. Imāmī, Sayyid Ḥasan. n.d. Ḥuqūq Madanī. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Islāmīyyi.
  7. al-Ṭabāṭabāʻī al-Ḥakīm, al-Sayyid Muḥsin. 1995/1416. Mustamsak al-ʻUrwat a-l-Wuthqā. Qom: Muʻassasat Dār al-Tafsīr.
  8. al-Ḥillī, Yaḥyā ibn Aḥmad (Ibn Saʻīd). 1985/1405. Al-Jāmiʻ lil Sharāʼiʻ. 1st. Qom: Dar Sayyid al-Shuhadāʻ li al-Nashr.
  9. al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī).  n.d. Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah. 1st. Qom: Maṭbūʻāt Dār al-ʻIlm.
  10. al-Mūsawī al-Khuʻī, al-Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim. 1998/1418. Mawsūʻat al-Imām al-Khuʻī. 1st. Muʻassasat Iḥyāʻ Āthār al-Imām al-Khuʻī.
  11. al-Sabzawārī, al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Aʻlā. 1992/1413. Muhaḍhḍhab al-Aḥkām fī Bayān al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. 4th. Qom: Muʻassasat al-Manār.
  12. Al-Saʻdī, Abū Jayb. 1988/1408. Al-Qāmūs al-Fiqhī, Lughatan wa Iṣṭilāḥan. 2nd. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr
  13.  
  14. al-ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Makkī (al-Shahīd al-Awwal). 1989/1410. al-Lumʻat al-Dimashqīyya fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyya. 1st. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʻ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
  15. al-ʻĀmilī, Zayn al-Dīn Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shahīd al-Thānī). 1992/1413. Masālik al-Afhām ilā Tanqiḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. 1st. Qom: Mūʻassasat al-Maʻārif al-Islāmīyya.
  16. —. 1993/1414. Ḥāshīyat al-Irshād. 1st. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom (Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzi-yī ʻIlmīyyi-yi Qom).
  17. —. 2001/1422. Ḥāshīyat Sharāʼiʻ al-Islām. 1st. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom (Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzi-yī ʻIlmīyyi-yi Qom).
  18. —. 2010/1431. al-Rawḍat al-Bahīyya fī Sharḥ al-Lumʻat al-Dimashqīyya. 6th. Qom: Majmaʻ al-Fikr al-Islāmī.
  19. Ibn Nuʻmān, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad (al-Shaykh al-Mufīd). 1992/1413. al-Muqniʻa. Qom: al-Muʻtamar al-ʻĀlamī li Alfīyyat al-Shaykh al-Mufīd.
  20. Al-Ṣumayrī al-Baḥrānī, Mufliḥ ibn Ḥasan (Ḥusayn). 1999/1420. Ghāyat al-Marām fī Sharḥ Sharāʼiʻ al-Islām. 1st. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī.
  21. Al-Ṭahirī, Ḥabībullāh. 1998/1418. Ḥuqūq Madanī. 2nd. Qom: Muʻassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
  22. Ṭabāṭabāʼī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ṣadiq; Asʻadī, Sayyid Ḥusayn. Bāzpazhūhī Tathīr Quwwah-yi Qāhirah bar Wazʻīyat Zirāʻat pas az Inqiḍā-yi Muddat Muzāriʻah. Pazhuhishhā-yi Fiqhī Journal. Wintter 2016/1395, 12(4): 662-692.
  23. al-Ṭabāṭabāʻī al-Ḥāʻirī, al-Sayyid ʻAlī (Ṣāḥīb al-Rīyaḍ). 1997/1418. Rīyāḍ al-Masāʻil fī Taḥqiq al-Aḥkām bī al-Dalāʻil. Edited by Muḥammad Bahrimand. 1st. Qom: Muʻassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʻ al-Turāth.
  24. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 1967/1387. al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyya. 3rd. Tehran: al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīya li ʼIḥyaʼ al-Āthār al-Jaʻfarīyah.
  25. al-Ḥusaynī al-ʻAmilī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Jawād. 2004/1419. Miftāḥ al-Kirāma fī Sharḥ Qwāʻid al-ʻAllāma. 1st. Qom: Muʻassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
  26. al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan Ibn Yūsuf (al-ʻAllāma al-Ḥillī). 1968/1388. Taḍhkirat al-Fuqahāʻ. Qom: Muʼassast Āl al-Bayt li Īḥyāʻ al-Turāth.
  27. —.1990/1410. Irshād al-Aḍhhān ʼIlā Aḥkām al_ʼĪmān. Qom: Muʻassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
  28. —. 1992/1413. Qawāʻid al-Aḥkām fī Maʻrifat al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qom: Muʻassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
  29. —. n.d. Taḥrīr al-Aḥkām al-Sharʻīyya ʻalā Maḍhhab al-Imāmīyya. Qom: Muʼassast Āl al-Bayt li Īḥyāʻ al-Turāth.
  30. Al-ʻAmīdī al-Ḥusaynī, Sayyid ʻAmīd al-Dīn ibn Muḥammad Aʻraj. 1996/1416. Kanz al-Fawāʼid fī Ḥal Mushkilāt al-Qawāʻid. 1st. Qom: Muʻassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
  31. al-Ḥillī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (Fakhr al-Muḥaqqiqīn). 1967/1387. Īḍāḥ al-Fawāʻid fī Sharḥ Mushkilāt al-Qawāʻid. Qom: Muʻassasat Ismāʻīlīyān.
  32. Kātūzīyān, Nāṣir. 2015/1394. Qānūn Madanī dar Naẓm Ḥuqūqī Kunūnī. 45th. Tehran: Nashr Mīzān.
  33. al-Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. n.d. Mafātīḥ al-Sharāʻiʻ. Qom: Manshūrāt Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-ʻUẓmā al-Marʻashī al-Najafī.
  34. al-ʻĀmilī al-Karakī, ʻAlī Ibn al-Ḥusayn (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Karakī, al-Muḥaqqiq al-Thānī). 1993/1414. Jamiʻ al-Maqāṣid fī Sharḥ al-Qawaʻid. 2nd. Qom: Muʻassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʻ al-Turāth.
  35. al-Ḥillī, Najm al-Dīn Jaʻfar Ibn al-Ḥasan (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī). 1987/1408. Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām fī Masāʻil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. 2nd. Edited by ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad ʻAlī Baqqāl. Qom: Muʻassasat Ismāʻīlīyān.
  36. —. 1997/1418. al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʻ (al-Nafiʻ fī Mukhtaṣar al-Sharāʻiʻ). 6th. Qom: Muʻassasat al-MṭbūʻāT Al-Dīnīyya.
  37. Muḥaqqiq Dāmād, Sayyid Muṣṭafā. 1985/1406. Qawaʻid-i Fiqh. 12th. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i ʻUlūm-i Islāmī.
  38. al-Sabzawarī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Sabzawarī). 2002/1423. Kifāyat al-Fiqh (Kifāyat al-Aḥkām). Qom: Muʻassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
  39. Maḥmūd ʻAbd al-Raḥmān. n.d. Muʻjam al-Muṣṭalaḥāt wa al-Alfāẓ al-Fiqhīyah.
  40. al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. 1983/1404. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. 7th. Edited by ʻAbbās al-Qūchānī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʻ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
  41. al-Ṭabāṭabāʻī al-Yazdī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. 1989/1409. al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā fīmā Taʻummu bihī al-Balwā. Beirut: Muʻassasat al-Aʻlamī li al-Maṭbūʻāt.
Islamic Law, Jurisprudence and Methodology
Volume 7, Issue 1 - Serial Number 22
Articles
May 2021
Pages 165-194

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 04 August 2019
  • Revise Date: 02 September 2020
  • Accept Date: 27 May 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics