Reviewing the Opinions of Humiliating People under Protection by Tributary Tax

Document Type : Research (Normal Review)

Author

Associate Professor of Islamic Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Law at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

Abstract

Regarding the interactions with religious minorities, one of the criticisms of the Islamic jurisprudence that sometimes comes out by some non-Muslims researchers, especially western ones, is that fiqh has been looked down on them and considered them to be devoid of human dignity, so fiqh function toward Ahl al-Dhimma (people under protection) is humiliating. In support of their claims, they referred to jizya (tributary tax) issue. They claim that based on the analysis and evaluations of Islamic jurists, both Islamic legislation and the way that fiqh addressed the jizya was for humiliating the Ahl al-Dhimma. Some have said that jizya is the same as blackmail which were taken from defeated nations by the conquerors as coercion and character assassination. This action is also degrading and humiliating. Some others have considered the humiliating of Ahl al-Dhimma in order to attract them to Islam. This saying has led to other criticism. Having answered to these doubts, this study sought to indicate the rational and logical image of jizya and explain this fact that payment of jizya is just for the services and supports that the Islamic government provides for the Ahl al-Dhimma without any criticism.
Key Words:  Jizya (tributary tax)  Ahl al-Dhimma (people under protection), Ahl al-Kitab (People of the Book), Infidel, Religious Minorities.

Keywords

Article Title [العربیة]

نقد ودراسة الآراء حول إذلال أهل الذمة بالجزیة

Abstract [العربیة]

من الانتقادات التی وجهها الباحثون من غیر المسلمین ولا سیما الغربیون منهم إلى الفقه الإسلامی فی مجال التعامل مع الأقلیات الدینیة أنّ الفقه الإسلامی ینظر نظرة تحقیر لتلک الأقلیات، وأنّه یعتبرها فاقدة للحرمة وللکرامة الإنسانیة، وعلیه تکون نظرة الفقه إلى أهل الذمة نظرة إذلال وتحقیر.
واستدل هؤلاء لإثبات ما ذهبوا إلیه بموضوع الجزیة، وعبر تحلیل وتقییم آراء بعض الفقهاء وصولوا إلى نتیجة تقول أنّ الهدف من تشریع الجزیة وأسلوب تناول الفقه لهذا التشریع هو إذلال أهل الذمة وصغارهم والحطّ من شأنهم، وبعضهم قال أنّ الجزیة لا تختلف عن الإتاوات التی یفرضها الغزاة على أهل البلدان التی یفتحونها، والتی کانوا یفرضونها بالإجبار وبهدف الحط من شأن المهزومین فی الحرب؛ فماهیتها إذاً هی الإذلال والتحقیر، واعتبر البعض الآخر أنّ الهدف من الجزیة هو جذب أهل الذمة للإسلام، وهذا الأمر یستتبع بدوره انتقادات أخرى.
تهدف هذه المقالة مضافا إلى الإجابة عن هذه الشبهات إلى تقدیم تصوّر عقلانی ومنطقی للجزیة، وإلى إثبات حقیقة أنّ دفع الجزیة إنّما یکون فی مقابل الخدمات التی یقدمها النظام الإسلامی لأهل الذمة وحمایته لهم، من دون أن یکون فیها حطّ من شأنهم أو نظرة غیر عادیة لهم.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • الجزیة
  • أهل الکتاب
  • أهل الذمة
  • الکفّار
  • الأقلیات الدینیة

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Islamic Law, Jurisprudence and Methodology
Volume 6, Issue 4 - Serial Number 21
January 2021
Pages 67-102

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History

  • Receive Date: 04 February 2019
  • Revise Date: 21 August 2019
  • Accept Date: 15 September 2019

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