Qarīnat al-Irtikāz (Conjectural Symmetry) and its Efficiency in Solving New Fiqhi Issues

Document Type : Research (Fast Track Review)

Author

Associate Professor of Department of Applied Jurisprudence at Islamic Sciences and Culture Academy ;Qom-Iran; r.esfandiari@isca.ac.ir

Abstract

The nature of Qarīnat al-Irtikāz, its effect on verbal signification, and its role in solving the fiqhi (jurisprudential) issues are one of the most important uṣūlī topics. The first question is that, how is such symmetry recognized, how does it differ from other symmetries such as Qarīnat al-Inṣirā and Qarīnat al-Munāsibat, and how the various kind of Sīrat al-ʿAmalīyyah (practical attitudes) form based on mental irtikāz (fixed way). The next question is that, how such symmetry can be used to solve newly-raised fiqhi issues. Thus, the position of Qarīnat al-Irtikāz in the inference of religious law is the fundamental question before us. If we consider Qarīnat al-Irtikāz as any meaning that penetrates the mind, does not independently garner much attention, and its origin remains unknown, we should consider it as nonverbal-connected symmetries that always does not refer to a definite rational symmetry and is itself the origin of symmetry of Qarīnat al-Inṣirāf and Qarīnat al-Munāsibat of a rule and a subject. Thus, a special longitudinal system forms between these three types of symmetries, and originality and adherence to the symmetries will be adaptive. By searching for uṣūlī sources, two types of efficiency can be imagined for Qarīnat al-Irtikāz: first, efficiency in determining the literal meaning and second, efficiency in the shaping of attitudes of the wise people and jurists. Considering the position of the wise people and jurists’ attitudes in recognizing the ḥukm (rule) and the subject of the ḥukm, and also the implication of the verbal evidence on ḥukm or subject, we can understand the importance of intervention of irtikāzāt in shaping the attitudes and their role in discovering the ḥukm or the subject of the ḥukm.By examining three examples of newly-raised issues, first, based on implicit stipulation whether the woman’s services at home is free or transactional, second, bank liability in its new form, third, local anesthesia at the site of ḥadd (legal punishment) and retribution with medical tools, we conclude that Qarīnat al-Irtikāz has a decisive role in understanding the verbal evidence, in generalizing or narrowing verbal signification, and in conclusion or non-conclusion of iṭlāq (inclusiveness).

Keywords

Article Title [العربیة]

القرینة الارتکازیة واستخدامها فی حلّ المسائل الفقهیة الجدیدة

Abstract [العربیة]

تعد ماهیة القرینة الارتکازیة وأثرها على الدلالة اللفظیة ودورها فی حل المسائل الفقهیة من المباحث الأصولیة الهامة.

السؤال الأول هو عن کیفیة معرفة مثل هذه القرینة وکیفیة تمییزها عن القرائن الأخرى؛ مثل قرینة الانصراف وقرینة المناسبة، وکذلک کیفیة تشکیل السِیَر العملیة المختلفة على أساس المرتکزات الذهنیة.

والسؤال الآخر عن کیفیة استخدام مثل هذه القرینة فی حل المسائل الفقهیة المستحدثة.

لذلک فإن السؤال الأساسی الذی أمامنا هو التعرف على مکانة القرینة الارتکازیة فی استنباط الأحکام.

إذا اعتبرنا أنّ القرینة الارتکازیة هی کلّ معنى راسخ فی الذهن، ودون ملاحظتها مستقلة، مع بقاء منشئها مجهولا أیضا، علینا أن نعتبرها من القرائن المتصلة اللُبیّة التی لا ترجع إلى القرینة القطعیة العقلیة دائماً، وأنّها منشأ القرینیة لقرینتی الانصراف ومناسبة الحکم والموضوع.

لذلک یتم تشکیل نظام طولی خاص لهذه القرائن الثلاث وتکون الأصالة والتبعیة فی القرائن قابلة للتطبیق.

من خلال التتبع فی المصادر الأصولیة یمکن فرض نوعین من العمل للقرینة الارتکازیة:

الأول عملها فی تعیین المدلول اللفظی، والثانی فی تکوین السیرة العقلائیة والمتشرعة.

بناءً على مکانة السیر العقلائیة والمتشرعة فی معرفة الحکم وموضوع الحکم، وکذلک دلالة الدلیل اللفظی على الحکم أو الموضوع، یمکن إدراک أهمیة مساهمة الارتکازات فی تکوین السِیَر ودورها فی کشف الحکم أو موضوع الحکم.

ومن خلال دراسة ثلاثة أمثلة من المسائل المستحدثة؛ وهی: مسألة نوع عمل المرأة فی المنزل هل هو تبرع أم معاملة على أساس الشروط ضمن العقد، ومسألة الضمان البنکی فی صوَره الجدیدة، ومسألة التخدیر الموضعی لمحل إقامة الحد أو القصاص بالأدوات الطبیة، نستنتج أن للقرینة الارتکازیة دور حاسم فی فهم الدلیل اللفظی وفی إیجاد التعمیم أو التضییق للدلالة اللفظیة وفی انعقاد الإطلاق أوعدم انعقاده.



الکلمات المفتاحیة: القرینة الارتکازیة؛ الارتکازات العقلائیة؛ القرینة العرفیة؛ أقسام الارتکازات؛ أسباب الارتکازات.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • القرینة الارتکازیة
  • الارتکازات العقلائیة
  • القرینة العرفیة
  • أقسام الارتکازات
  • أسباب الارتکازات

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Islamic Law, Jurisprudence and Methodology
Volume 7, Issue 4 - Serial Number 25
Articles
March 2022
Pages 7-34

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History

  • Receive Date: 26 March 2020
  • Revise Date: 20 June 2020
  • Accept Date: 22 June 2020

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