Jurisprudential Challenges of Urban Ownership, Based on Article 38 of the Iranian Civil Code

Document Type : Fiqh City

Authors

1 Faculty member of theology department, Zahedan branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran.

2 Associate Professor and Faculty Member, Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Sistan and Baluchestan University

Abstract

According to Article 38 of the Iranian Civil Code, which is based on the maxim of “People have domination over their properties” and the maxim of “Whoever owns a land, owns it to the heights of the sky, and the depths of the earth,” the owner has the right to any occupancy of his/her property. Following domination over the property, dominating the depths of the earth and sky is also achieved for the person. However, today, practically, the absoluteness of property rights faces challenges in the light of scientific advances over the course of time and the requirements of urbanization. By examining the requirements and challenges of urban ownership, this study, which has used the descriptive-analytical method, concluded that under the influence of the demands of time and place and the need to meet the growing needs of society, the absoluteness of Article 38 of the Iranian Civil Code must be limited due to the maxim of ‘LāḌarar’ and observance of the public interest. Therefore, a citizen will not have the right to occupancy without obtaining the necessary permits from relevant organizations. Moreover, the final part of this article, due to the different laws restricting the owner’s authority, requires the exception of the majority, which is disapproved by the rules of the science of Uṣūl. Therefore, this article needs to be reviewed and changed.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

المتطلبات الفقهیة وتحدیات الملکیة الحضریة وفق المادة 38 من القانون المدنی الإیرانی

Abstract [العربیة]

وفقاً للمادة 38 من القانون المدنی الإیرانی التی تقوم على قاعدة «الناسُ مسلطونَ على أموالِهم» وقاعدة «مَن ملک أرضاً ملک الهواء إلى عنان السماء والقرار إلى تخوم الأرض» فإنه یحق للمالک القیام بأی تصرف فی ملکه وتسلطه على أعماق الأرض والفضاء تبعاً لتسلطه على ملکه؛ لکن الیوم ومع مرور الوقت وفی ضوء التطورات العلمیة ومتطلبات التحضّر، إنّ الحدیث عن إطلاق حق الملکیة یواجه تحدیات عملیة.




لذلک فی هذه الدراسة التی تمت بمنهج وصفی- تحلیلی تم استنتاج أنه وتحت تأثیر متطلبات الزمان والمکان والحاجة إلى تلبیة الاحتیاجات المتزایدة للمجتمع، یبدو أنّ إطلاق المادة (38) من القانون المدنی یجب تقییده بناءً على قاعدة لاضرر ومراعاة الصالح العام؛ لذلک لن یکون للمواطن الحق فی بعض عملیات الاستحواذ على ممتلکاته دون الحصول على التصاریح اللازمة من الجهات المختصة. إضافة إلى ذلک فإن الجزء الأخیر من هذه المادة، وبسبب القوانین العدیدة التی تقیّد سلطات المالک فهذا یتطلب استثناء الأکثر وهو أمر قبیح من حیث قواعد علم الأصول. لذلک فإنّ هذه المادة تحتاج إلى مراجعة وتحوّل.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • المادة الـ38 من القانون المدنی
  • سلطات المالک
  • متطلبات التحضّر
  • أعماق الأرض والفضاء
  • مالکیة التحضّر

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Islamic Law, Jurisprudence and Methodology
Volume 8, Issue 1 - Serial Number 26
Articles
May 2022
Pages 7-35

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History

  • Receive Date: 01 December 2021
  • Revise Date: 20 February 2022
  • Accept Date: 24 February 2022

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