Analytical Assessment of the Viewpoint of the Criminal Immunity (Legal Punishments) of Criminals Who Take Refuge in Holy Shrines

Document Type : Research (Fast Track Review)

Authors

1 university

2 Razavi University of Islamic Sciences

3 unieversity

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Philosophy and Wisdom, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

10.22034/jrj.2023.65592.2593

Abstract

According to the opinion of well-known jurists, a criminal who commits a crime outside the Sacred Mosque (Masjid al-Ḥarām) in Makkah and then takes refuge in this holy place, is subject to Islamic treatment and is immune from punishment as long as he/she resides in the holy shrine. The important question is raised whether it is possible to extend the ruling of “criminal immunity for criminals who reside in the Sacred Mosque” to other holy shrines as well or not. In response to that, some jurists consider holy shrines to be the same as the Sacred Mosque and cite four reasons to prove their claims, but another group does not accept the association of other holy shrines with the Sacred Mosque. In this regard, they citing to this evidence that “there is no special reason” and “adhering to the principle.” Using the descriptive-analytical method and with a critical approach, this study strengthens the second group’s point of view and analyses and criticizes the first group’s point of view. Therefore, in the end, the conclusion has been reached that the view of the second group is correct. But, if the immunity of criminals who take refuge in the Sacred Mosque is based on the security of the shrine, as the religious texts clearly state this matter, due to the existence of a special text (naṣṣ) regarding the security of the Holy Shrine of Imām al-Ḥusayn’s (ʻa), only this holy shrine can be associated with the Sacred Mosque and not the other holy shrines.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

الحصانة الجنائیة للمجرمین اللاجئین إلى المشاهد المشرفة... دراسة تحلیلیة

Abstract [العربیة]

وفقاً للرأی المشهور بین الفقهاء، المجرم الذی یرتکب جریمة خارج الحرم المکی ثم یلجأ إلى الحرم، لم یؤخذ ولم یعاقب طالما یقیم فی الحرم.
السؤال المهم الذی یطرح نفسه الآن هو أنه هل یمتد حکم "الحصانة الجنائیة للمجرمین اللاجئین إلى الحرم" لیشمل المشاهد المشرفة أم لا؟
ورداً على ذلک اعتبر بعض الفقهاء أن المشاهد المشرفة فی حکم الحرم، ویأتون بأربعة أدلة لإثبات ادعائهم، لکن جماعة أخرى منهم لا تقبلون بهذا الرأی، ویستدلون فی هذه المسألة بـ" عدم الدلیل الخاص" و کذلک " التمسک بالأصل".
فی هذا المقال، وبطریقة وصفیة تحلیلیة وبنهج نقدی، یتم تعزیز آراء الجماعة الثانیة وتقییم الجماعة الأولى ونقدها.
لذلک ، یستنتج المؤلف فی النهایة صحة رأی الجماعة الثانیة (عدم الإلحاق)، ولکن إذا کانت حصانة المجرمین الذین یلجأون إلى الحرم، مبنیة على أمن الحرم؛ کما تصرح النصوص الدینیة على هذا الأمر، یمکن إلحاق حرم الإمام "الحسین" إلى الحرم المکی، وذلک نظرًا لوجود نص خاص حول أمن حرم الإمام الحسین (علیه السلام).

Keywords [العربیة]

  • المشاهد المشرفة
  • الحرم المکی
  • حصانة المجرمین
  • المجرمون اللاجئون
  • تطبیق الحدود الشرعیة
  • حرم سید الشهداء(علیه السلام)

Full Text

به فایل PDF مراجعه نمایید.

References

  1.  

    • The Holy Qurʼā
    1. Āl Ṣafwān, ʻAbd al-Muʻṭī Jaʻfar & Misbāʼ, Nāṣir Muḥammad. 2001/1422. Mudhākirat al-Uṣūl fī Kitāb al-Ḥalqat al-Ūlā wa al-Thānīyat. 1st. Qom.
    2. Ibn Ḥazm, Abī Muḥammad ʻAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʻīd. 2001/1422. Al-Muḥallā Sharḥ al-Mujallā. 2nd. Edited by Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir. Beirut: Dār Iḥyaʻ al-Turāth al-ʻĀrabī.
    3. IbnʻĀbidīn, Muḥammad Amīn ibn ʻUmar ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz. 2007/1386. al-MukhtārʻAlā al-Durra al- Mukhtār. 2nd.Shirkat Maktabat wa Maṭbaʻat Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī wa Awlāduhu bi Miṣr.
    4. Ibn Qudāmah al-Maqdīsī, Muwaffaq al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdullāh b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. n.d. Al-Mughnī wa al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr ʻAlā Matn al-Muqniʻ fī Fiqh al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr.
    5. Ibn Qūliwayh al-Qommī, Abulqāsim Jaʻfar ibn Muḥammad. 2019/1398. Kāmil al-Zīyārāt. 1st. Najaf al-Ashraf: Dār al-Murtaḍawīyah.
    6. Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad Ibn Mukarram. 1993/1414. Lisān al-ʻArab. Beirut: Dār al-Fīkr lil Ṭibāʻat wa al-Nashr; Dār Ṣādir.
    7. Ibn Mufliḥ, Burhān al-Dīn Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad. 1997/1418. Al-Mubdiʻ fī Sharḥ al-Muqniʻ. 1st. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.
    8. IbnFārs, Abī al-ḤusaynAḥmad. 1983/1404. MuʻjamMaqāʼīs al-Lughah. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom (Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzi-yī ʻIlmīyyi-yi Qom).
    9. Abū Saʻīdah, al-Sayyid Ḥussayn. 2001/1433. Al-Mashāhid al-Musharrafah. 1st. Beirut: Muʼasissat al-Balāgh.
    10. al-Iḥsāʾī, Ibn Abī Jumhūr. 1984/1405. ʿAwāli al-Liʾālī al-ʿAzīzīyya. Qum: Dar Sayyid al-Shuhadāʾ li al-Nashr.
    11. al-Ardabīlī, Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ardabīlī). 1982/1403. Majmaʻ al-Fāʻida wa al-Burhān fī Sharḥ Īrshād al-Aḍhhān. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    12. al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir (al-ʻAllama al-Majlisī). 1990/1410. Biḥār al-Anwār al-Jāmiʻa li Durar Akhbār al-Aʻimma al-Aṭhār. Beirut: Muʼasassat al-Ṭabʻ wa al-Nashr.
    13. al-Anṣārī, Murtaḍā Ibn Muḥammad Amin (al-Shaykh al-Anṣārī). 1989/1410. Kitāb al-Makāsib. Qom: Dār al-Kutub.
    14. Āl ʿUṣfūr al-Baḥrānī, Yūsuf ibn Aḥmad ibn Ibrāhīm. 1984/1405. Al-Ḥadāʼiq al-Nāḍirat fī Aḥkām al-ʻItrat al-Ṭāhirah. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    15. Badr al-Dīn, Abū al-Faḍl Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr al-Asadī al-Shāfiʻī. 2010/1432. Bidāyat al-Muḥtāj fī Sharḥ al-Minhāj. 1st. Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj lil Nashr wa al-Tawzīʻ.
    16. al-Barqī, Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad. 2003/1383. Al-Rijāl al-Barqī-al-Ṭabaqāt. Tehran: Muʼassisi-yi Intishārāt-i wa Chāp-i Dānishgāh Tihrān (Tehran University).
    17. Al-Baghawī, Ḥussayn ibn Masʻūd. 1999/1420. Maʻālim al-Tanzīl fī Tafsīr al-Qurʼān. 1st. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
    18. Bahjat Gīlānī Fūmanī, Muḥammad Taqī. Jāmiʻ al-Masāʻil. 2005/1426. Qom: Daftar-i Ḥaḍrat-i Āyat Allah (The office of the Author).
    19. al-Tabrīzī, Jawād. 2007/1428. Tanqīḥ Mabānī al-Aḥkām-Kitāb al-Dīyāt. 1st. Qom: Dār al-Ṣiddīqa al-Shahīda (S.A.).
    20. Al-Thaʻlabī al-Nayshābūrī, Abū Isḥāq Aḥmad ibn Ibrāhīm. 2001/1422. Al-Kashf wa al-Bayān ʻan Tafsīr al-Qurʼān. 1st. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
    21. Jurr, Khalīl. 1996/1375. Farhang-i ʻArabī-Translation of the Book al-Muʻjam al-ʻArabī al-Ḥadīth. 5th. Translator: Sayyid Ḥamīd Ṭabībīyān. Tehran: Intishārāt Amīr Kabīr.
    22. Al-Jazāʼirī, Sayyid Niʻmatullāh. 1987/1408. Kashf al-Asrār fī Sharḥ al-Istibṣār. 1st. Muʼasissat Dār al-Kitāb.
    23. Al-Jazīrī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad; al-Qharawī Sayyid Muḥammad. 1999/1419. Al-Fiqh ʻAlā al-Madhāhib al-Arbaʻat wa Madhhab Ahl al-Bayt. Beirut: Dār al-Thaqalayn.
    24. Jaʻfarī Langarūdī, Muḥammad Jaʻfar. 2015/1394. Tirminuluzhī-yi Ḥuqūq. Tehran: Ganj-i Dānish.
    25. A Gruop of Researchers under the supervision of al-Sayyid Maḥmūd al-Hāshimī al-Shāhrūdī. 2005/1426. Farhang-i Fiqh Muṭābiq Madhhab-i Ahl-i Beyt. 1st. Qom: Muʼasissih-yi Dāʼirat al-Maʻārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī bar Badhhab-i Ahl al-Beyt (ʻA).
    26. al-Ḥurr al-ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan. 1988/1409. Tafṣīl Wasāʼil al-Shīʻa ilā Taḥṣīl al-Masāʼil al-Sharīʻa. Qom: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth.
    27. al-Ḥurr al-ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan. Hidāyat al-Ummat Ilā Aḥkām al-Aʼimah. 1st. Mashhad: Majmaʻ al-Buḥūth al-Islāmīyah.
    28. Al-Ḥusaynī al-Istar Ābadī, Muḥammad Bāqir. 2018/1397. Al-Taʻlīqat ʻalā al-Istibṣār. 1st. Tehran: Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn Mīr Dāmād.
    29. al-Ḥusaynī al-Rawḥānī, al-Sayyid Ṣadiq. 1991/1412. Fiqh al-Ṣādiq. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Imām al-Sādiq.
    30. al-Ḥusaynī al-Rawḥānī, al-Sayyid Ṣadiq. n.d. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn
    31. al-Ḥusaynī al-ʻAmilī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Jawād. n.d. Miftāḥ al-Kirāma fī Sharḥ Qwāʻid al-ʻAllāma. 1st. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
    32. Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥillī, Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad. 1996/1410. al-Sarāʻir al-Ḥāwī li Taḥrīr al-Fatāwī. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    33. al-Ḥillī, Ḥassan ibn ʻAlī ibn Dāwūd. 2004/1383. Rijāl ibn Dāwūd. Tehran: Muʼassisi-yi Intishārāt-i wa Chāp-i Dānishgāh Tihrān (Tehran University).
    34. al-Ḥillī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (Fakhr al-Muḥaqqiqīn). 1967/1387. Īḍāḥ al-Fawāʻid fī Sharḥ Mushkilāt al-Qawāʻid. Qom: Muʼassasat Ismāʻīlīyān.
    35. Al-Ḥumayrī, Nashwān ibn Saʻīd. 1999/1420. Shams al-ʻUlūm wa Dawāʼ al-Kalām al-ʻArab min al-Kulūm. Demascus: Dār al-Fikr.
    36. Al-Khalīlī, Jaʻfar. 1989/1407. Mawsūʻat al-ʻatabāt al-Muqadasah. 2nd. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī li al-Maṭbūʿāt.
    37. Al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad ibn Mufaḍḍal. 1991/1412. Mufradat Alfāẓ al-Qurʼān. Beirut: Dār al-ʻIlm- Dār al-Shāmīyah.
    38. Al-Siyūṭī al-Raḥībānī al-Ḥanbalī, Muṣṭafā ibn Saʻd. 1994/1415. Maṭālib Ūlā al-Nuhā fī Sharḥ Ghāyat al-Muntahā. 2nd. Al-Maktabat al-Islāmī.
    39. Al-Zuḥaylī, Muḥammad. 1996/1417. Al-Muhadhdhab fī Fiqh al-Imām al-Shāfiʻī li Abī Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī. 1st. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam.
    40. Al-Zarkashī al-Miṣrī al-Ḥanbalī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʻAbdullāh. 1992/1413. Sharḥ al-Zarkashī. 1st. Dār al-ʻAbkīyān.
    41. Al-Zarkashī al-Miṣrī al-Ḥanbalī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʻAbdullāh. 1995/1416. ʼIʻlām al-Sājid bi Aḥkām al-Masājid. 4th. Edited by al-Marāghī, Abū al-Wafā Muṣṭafā. Cairo: Jumhūrīyat al-Miṣr al-ʻArabīyat Wizārat al-Awqāf.
    42. al-Subḥānī al-Tabrīzī, Jaʿfar. n.d. Mawsūʻat Ṭabaqāt al-Fuqahā. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Imām al-Ṣadiq.

     

    1. al-Sabzawārī, al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Aʻlā. 1992/1413. Muhadhdhab al-Aḥkām fī Bayān al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. 4th. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Manār.
    2. Al-Sahlānī, Ḥeydar. 2008/1387. Fiqh al-ʻAtabāt al-Muqadisah. 1st. Qom: Manshūrāt Dalīl Mā.
    3. al-Sayfī al-Māzandarānī , ʻAlī Akbar. 2004/1425. Mabānī al-Fiqh al-Faʻāl fī al-Qawāʻid al-Fiqhīyat al-Asāsīyyah. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    4. Al-Khaṭīb al-Shirbīnī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (Shams al-Dīn). 1994/1415. Mughnī al-MuḥtājʼIlā Maʻrifat Maʻān īAlfāẓ al-Minhāj. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.
    5. Al-Shahrakānī, Ibrāhīm Ismāʻīl. 2009/1430. Al-Mufīd fī Sharḥ Uṣūl al-Fiqh. 1st. Qom.
    6. al-Ṣadr, al-Sayyid Muḥammad. 2002/1420. Mawarāʾ al-Fiqh. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ.
    7. al-Ṣadr, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. 1987/1408. Mabāḥith al-Uṣūl. Qom
    8. Ibn Nuʿmān, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad (al-Shaykh al-Mufīd). 1992/1413. al-Muqniʿa. Qom: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿĀlamī li Alfīyyat al-Shaykh al-Mufīd.
    9. Ibn Nuʿmān, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad (al-Shaykh al-Mufīd). 1992/1413. Kitāb al-Mazār. Qom: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿĀlamī li Alfīyyat al-Shaykh al-Mufīd.
    10. Al-Ṣāliḥī al-Māzandarānī, Ismāʻīl. 2003/1382. Sharḥ Kifāyat al-Uṣūl. 1st. Qom.
    11. Al-Ṣīmarī al-Baḥrānī, Mufliḥ ibn Ḥasan. 2000/1420. Qāyat al-Marām fī Sharḥ Sharāʼiʻ al-Islām. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī.
    12. al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Ḥāʼirī, al-Sayyid ʻAlī (Ṣāḥīb al-Rīyaḍ). 1997/1418. Rīyāḍ al-Masāʼil fī Taḥqiq al-Aḥkām bī al-Dalāʼil. Qom: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth.
    13. al-Ḥāʾirī, al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī al-Mujāhīd. n.d. Kitāb al-Manāhil. Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth.
    14. al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Ḥakīm, al-Sayyid Muḥsin. 1995/1416. Mustamsak al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā. Qom: Muʼassasat Dār al-Tafsīr.
    15. al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Ḥakīm, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Saʻīd. 1995/1416. Ḥūrīyāt Fiqhīyah. 1st. Beirut: Muʼasissat al-Manār.
    16. Ibn Barrāj al-Ṭirāblusī, ʻAbdulazīz. 1985/1406. Al-Muhadhab. n.p. Muʼassasat al-Nash al-Islamī li Jmāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    17. al-Ṭurayḥī, Fakhr al-Dīn Ibn Muḥammad. 1995/1416. Majmaʻ al-Baḥrayn. Tehran: al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīyya li Iḥyāʼ al-Āthār al-Jaʻfarīyya.
    18. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 1967/1387. al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyya. 3rd. Tehran: al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīya li ʼIḥyaʼ al-Āthār al-Jaʻfarīyah.
    19. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī).1979/1400. al-Nihāya fī Mujarrad al-Fiqh wa al-Fatāwā. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī.
    20. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 1986/1407. Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqniʻat lil Shaykh al-Mufīd. Edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Khurāsānī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya.
    21. Al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jaʻfar Muḥammad Ibn Ḥassan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 2006/1427. Kitāb al-Khilāf. Qum: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī.
    22. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 2006/1427. Rijāl al-Ṭūsī. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nash al-Islamī li Jmāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    23. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). n.d. al-Fihrist. Najaf: al-Maktabat al-Raḍawīyah.
    24. al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Makkī (al-Shahīd al-Awwal). 1998/1419. Ḍhikrā al-Shīʿa fī Aḥkām al-Sharīʿa. Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth.
    25. al-ʻĀmilī, Zayn al-Dīn Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shahīd al-Thānī). 1992/1413. Masālik al-Afhām ilā Tanqiḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. Qom: Mūʻassasat al-Maʻārif al-Islāmīyya.
    26. al-ʻĀmilī, Zayn al-Dīn Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shahīd al-Thānī). 1999/1420. Al-Ḥāshīyat al-Ūlā ʻalā al-Alfīyah. 1st. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom (Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzi-yī ʻIlmīyyi-yi Qom).
    27. al-ʻĀmilī, Zayn al-Dīn Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shahīd al-Thānī). 1989/1410. al-Rawḍat al-Bahīyya fī Sharḥ al-Lumʻat al-Dimashqīyya. Qom: Maktabat al-Dāwarī.
    28. Al-ʻĀmilī, Yāsīn ʻĪsā. 1992/1413. Al-Iṣṭilāḥāt al-Fiqhīyat fī al-Rasāʼil al-ʻAmalīyah. 1st. Beirut: Dār al-Balāghat lil Ṭabāʻat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʻ.
    29. al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan Ibn Yūsuf (al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī). 1990/1411. Tabṣirat al-Mutaʿallimīn. Tehran: Vizārat-i Farhang va Irshād-i Islāmī (Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance).
    30. al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan Ibn Yūsuf (al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī). 1999/1420. Taḥrīr al-Aḥkām al-Sharʿīyya ʿalā Maḍhhab al-Imāmīyya. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Imām al Ṣādiq.
    31. al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan Ibn Yūsuf (al-ʻAllāma al-Ḥillī). 2002/1381. Khulāṣat al-Aqwāl fī Maʻrifat Aḥwāl al-Rijāl (Rijal al-ʻAllāma al-Ḥillī). 2nd. Najaf: Manshūrāt al-Maṭbaʻat al-Ḥeydarīyah.
    32. ʻAwdah, ʻAbd al-Qādir. 1981/1402. Al-Tashrīʻ al-Jināʼī al-Islāmī fī al-Madhāhib al-Khamsat Muqārinan bil Qānūn al-Waḍʻī. 2nd. Edited by Sayyid Ismāʻīl al-Ṣadr. Qism al-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyat fī Muʼasissat al-Biʻthah.
    33. Al-Gharawī, Mawlā ʻAlī ʻAlīyārī. 2000/1421. Minhāj al-Millat fī Bayān al-Waqt wa al-Qiblah. 1st. Qom: Bunyād-i Farhang Islāmī.
    34. al-Farāhīdī, Khalīl Ibn Aḥmad. 1989/1410. Kitāb al-ʻayn. Edited by Mahdī al-Makhzūmī and Ibrāhīm al-Sāmirāʻī. Qom: Muʼassasat Dār al-Hijra.
    35. Al-Fayyūmī, AbulʻAbbāsAḥmadibnMuḥammad. n.d. Al-Miṣbāḥ al-Munīr fī Sharḥ al-Kabīr lil Rāfiʻī. Qom: Manshūrāt Dār al-Raḍī.
    36. Al-Qāsimī Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn. 1997/1418. Maḥāsin al-Taʼwīl. 1st. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.
    37. Al-Qurshī, Sayyid ʻAlī Akbar. 1991/1412. Qāmūs Qurʼān. 6th. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah.
    38. al-Kashshī, and Muḥammad Ibn ʿUmar. 1970/1390. Rijāl al-Kashshī. Edited by al-Muṣtafawī and Ḥasan. Mashhad: Muʾassisi-yi Nashr-i Dānishgāh-i Mashhad (Mashhad University Publication institute).
    39. al-Kulaynī al-Rāzī, Muḥammad Ibn Yaʻqūb (al-Shaykh al-Kulayni). 1987/1407. Uṣūl al-Kāfī. Edited by ʻAlī Akbar Ghaffārī and Muḥammad Ākhundī. 4th. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah.
    40. al-Kulaynī al-Rāzī, Muḥammad Ibn Yaʿqūb (al-Shaykh al-Kulayni). 2008/1429. al-Kāfī. Edited by Muʾassasat Dār al-Ḥadīth. Qum: Muʾassasat Dār al-Ḥadīth.
    41. al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Taqī (al-Majlisī al-Awwal). 1985/1406. Rawḍat al-Muttaqīn fī Sharḥ Man Lā Yaḥḍaruh al-Faqīh. Qom: Bunyād-i Farhang-i Islāmī-yi Kūshanpūr.
    42. Al-Muḥsinī, Muḥammad Āṣif. 1998/1419. Al-Arḍ fī al-Fiqh. 1st. Qom.
    43. al-Ḥillī, Najm al-Dīn Jaʻfar Ibn al-Ḥasan (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī). 1987/1408. Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām fī Masāʼil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Edited by ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad ʻAlī Baqqāl. Qom: Muʼassasat Ismāʻīlīyān.
    44. al-Sabzawarī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Sabzawarī). 2006/1427. Dhakhīrat al-Maʻād fī Sharḥ al-Irshād. 1st. Qom: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth.
    45. Maḥmūd, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān. n.d. Muʻjam Al-Muṣṭalaḥāt wa al-Alfāẓ al-Fiqhīyah.
    46. Al-Madanī al-Kāshānī, Ḥāj Āqā Riḍā. 1987/1408. Kitāb al-Dīyāt. 1st. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    47. Al-Mishkīnī, Mīrzā ʻAlī. n.d. Muṣṭalaḥāt al-Fiqh.
    48. Al-Muṣṭafawī, Ḥasan. 1981/1402. Al-Taḥqīq fī Kalamāt al-Qurʼān al-Karīm. Tehran: Markaz al-Kitāb lil Tarjumat wa al-Nashr.
    49. al-Muẓaffar, Muḥammad Riḍā. 2009/1430. Uṣūl al-Fiqh. 5th. Qom: Muʼassasat Ismāʻīlīyān.
    50. Makārim Shīrāzi, Nāṣir. 1997/1418. Anwār al-Fiqāhat: Kitāb al-Ḥudūdwa al-Taʻzīrāt. Qom: Madrisi-yi Imām ʻAlī Ib Abī Ṭalib.
    51. al-Mūsawī al-Bujnurdī, al-Sayyid Ḥasan. 1998/1419. al-Qawāʻid al-Fiqhīya. Qom: Nashr al-Hādī.
    52. al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī). 2004/1425. Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah. 21st. Qom. Muʼassasat al-Nash al-Islamī li Jmāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    53. al-Mūsawī al-Khuʾī, al-Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim. 2001/1422. Mabānī Takmilat al-Minhāj. Qom: Muʾassasat Iḥyāʾ Āthār al-Imām al-Khuʾī.
    54. al-Mūsawī al-Khuʾī, al-Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim. 1997/1418. Mawsūʻat al-Imām al-Khuʾī. 1st. Qom: Muʾassasat Iḥyāʾ Āthār al-Imām al-Khuʾī.
    55. al-Mūsawī al-Khuʾī, al-Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim. 1995/1416. Ṣirāṭ al-Nijāt. 1st. Qom: Maktabat Nashr al-Muntakhab.
    56. al-Mūsawī al-Khuʾī, al-Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim. n.d. Muʿjam Rijāl al-Ḥadīth.
    57. al-Mūsawī al-Khuʾī, al-Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim. 1997/1418. Al-Tanqīḥ fī Sharḥ al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā. 1st. Qom: Under the Supervision of Mr. Luṭfī.
    58. al-Mūsawī al-ʻĀmilī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad (Ṣāḥīb al-Madārik). 1990/1411. Madārik al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. Beirut: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth.
    59. al-Mūsawī al-Gulpāygānī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Riḍā. 1991/1412. Al-Durr al-Manḍūd fī Aḥkām al-Ḥudūd. Qom: Dār al-Qurʼān al-Karīm.
    60. al-Mūsawī al-Gulpāygānī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Riḍā. 1992/1413. Hidāyat al-‘Ibād. Qom: Dār al-Qurʼān al-Karīm.
    61. al-Najjāshī, Aḥmad Ibn ʻAlī. 1986/1407. Rijāl al-Najāshī. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    62. Al-Rāzī al-Najafī al-Iṣfahānī, MuḥammadNaqī. 2006/1427. Tabṣirat al-Fuqahāʼ. Qom: Majmaʻ al-Dhakhāʼir al-Islāmīyyah.
    63. al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. 1983/1404. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. 7th. Edited by ʻAbbās al-Qūchānī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
    64. al-Janājī al-Ḥillī al-Najafī, Jaʿfar ibn Khiḍr ibn Yaḥyā (Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ). 2011/1422. Kashf al-Ghiṭāʾ ʿan Mubhamāt al-sharīʿat al-gharrāʾ. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom (Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzi-yī ʻIlmīyyi-yi Qom).
    65. al-Narāqī, Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Mahdī (al-Fāẓil al-Narāqī). 1994/1415. Mustanad al-Shīʻa fī Aḥkām al-Sharīʻa. 1st. Qom: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth.
    66. al-Ḥusaynī al-Wāsiṭī, Sayyid Muḥammad Murtaḍā. 1993/1414. Tāj al-ʻArūs min Jawāhīr al-Qāmūs. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr lil Ṭibāʻat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʻ.
    67. Al-Wijdānī Fakhr, Qudratullāh. 2005/1426. Al-Jawāhir al-Fakhrīyat fī Sharḥ al-Rawḍat al-Bahīyat. 2nd. Qom: Manshūrāt Samāʼ al-Qalam.
Islamic Law, Jurisprudence and Methodology
Volume 9, Issue 4 - Serial Number 33
Articles
February 2024
Pages 1-1

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 27 December 2022
  • Revise Date: 10 January 2023
  • Accept Date: 26 March 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics