Comparative scientific and jurisprudential thematics of date zakat belonging with the approach of accountability jurisprudence

Document Type : Research (Normal Review)

Author

A graduate of the fourth level of the Qom Seminary and the head of the National Center for Answering Sharia Questions of the Islamic Propaganda Office of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran.

10.22034/jrj.2025.70065.2885

Abstract

In the jurisprudential and fatwā literature of the fuqahāʾ (Islamic jurists), ambiguities persist regarding the timing of zakāt obligation on the four types of grains, particularly dates. These ambiguities have made it difficult to provide precise answers to related questions. Consequently, there is a critical need to examine the principles and criteria used by jurists in determining the zakāt due date for grains, especially the criterion of badw al-ṣalāḥ for dates.
The first key question is: What exactly do jurists mean by badw al-ṣalāḥ, and when does this condition apply? Additionally, is badw al-ṣalāḥ distinct from the application of the term tamr (ripe dates)? In some cases, jurists have proposed iḥmirār (reddening) or iṣfirār (yellowing) as criteria for zakāt obligation. It remains unclear, however, what these terms precisely signify and whether they differ in meaning from badw al-ṣalāḥ or the application of the term tamr.
This study first analyzes the terminologies used by jurists to define the timing of zakāt obligation. Next, it clarifies the precise meanings of these jurisprudential terms before examining their similarities and differences. Finally, by presenting a clear and well-reasoned conclusion, the study provides jurisprudential experts with a structured framework for addressing related questions. This enables them to offer scientifically grounded, rigorously examined, and substantiated responses based on a thorough understanding of the issue.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

دراسة موضوعیة تطبیقیة (علمیة وفقهیة) لوقتن إخراج زکاة التمر بمنهج فقه الإجابة

Abstract [العربیة]

توجد فی المصادر الإجتهادیة والفتاوائیة للفقهاء إبهامات حول وقت تعلق زکاة الغلات الأربع، وخاصة التمر، مما یواجه عملیة الإجابة الدقیقة على الأسئلة المتعلقة بهذا المبحث تحدیاً وأمراً معقداً. لذلک، فإن دراسة مبانی ومعاییر الفقهاء فی تحدید وقت تعلق زکاة الغلات، وخاصة معیار " بُدُوِّ الصلاح" فی التمر، ضرورة جدیة.
یتمحور التساؤل الأول حول: ما هو المعنى الدقیق لـــ" بُدُوِّ الصلاح" فی نظر الفقهاء؟ ومتى یتحقق هذا الوصف تحدیداً؟ وهل هناک اختلاف بین "بدو الصلاح" وانطباق وصف "التمر" على النخل؟ وفی بعض الحالات، أشار الفقهاء إلى "الاحمرار" أو "الاصفرار" کمعیار لتحقق الزکاة. ینبغی النظر ما هو المقصود من هذه العناوین وهل تختلف هذه المعاییر فی مفهومها عن "بدوّ الصلاح" أو "انطباق عنوان التمر" أم لا.
تتناول هذه المقالة أولاً تحلیلاً معمقاً للمصطلحات التی استخدمها الفقهاء لتحدید وقت وجوب الزکاة، ثم توضح المعنى الدقیق لهذه المصطلحات الفقهیة. بعد ذلک، تُحلّل أوجه التشابه والاختلاف بین هذه المعاییر، لتُختتم بتقدیم خلاصة واضحة ودقیقة، مما یُمهّد الطریق أمام المختصین فی الفقه لتقدیم إجابات علمیة، منقحة، وموثوقة عند مواجهتهم لأسئلة متعلقة بهذا المبحث، مستندین إلى فهم عمیق.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • وقت تعلق الزکاة
  • الغلات الأربع
  • بدو الصلاح
  • فقه الإجابة

Full Text

در دست اقدام ...

References

Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥillī, Muḥammad Ibn Aḥmad. 1996/1410. al-Sarāʻir al-Ḥāwī li Taḥrīr al-Fatāwī. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
al-Ardabīlī, Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ardabīlī). 1982/1403. Majmaʻ al-Fāʻida wa al-Burhān fī Sharḥ Īrshād al-Aḍhhān. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
Al-Āmulī, Muḥammad Taqī. 1960/1380. Miṣbāḥ al-Hudā fī Sharḥ al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā. Tehran.
Murtaḍā Ibn Muḥammad Amin (al-Shaykh al-Anṣārī). 1993/1414. Kitāb al-Zakāt. Qom: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿĀlamī Bimunasabat al-Ḍhikrā al-Miʾawīyya al-Thānīyya li Mīlād al-Shaykh al-Aʿẓam al-Anṣārī.
Āl ʿUṣfūr al-Baḥrānī, Yūsuf ibn Aḥmad ibn Ibrāhīm. 1984/1405. Al-Ḥadāʼiq al-Nāḍirat fī Aḥkām al-ʻItrat al-Ṭāhirah. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
Banī Faḍl, Murtaḍā. 2002/1381. Madārik Taḥrīr al-Wasīlat- al-Zakat wa al-Khums. Tehran: Muʼassasat Tanẓīm wa Nashr Āthār al-Imām al-Khumaynī.
al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Ḥakīm, al-Sayyid Muḥsin. 1995/1416. Mustamsak al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā. Qom: Muʼassasat Dār al-Tafsīr. Al-Bāri
Al-Asadī al-Ḥillī, Jamāl al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Sham al-Dīn (ibn Fahad al-Ḥillī). 1986/1407. Al-Muhadhab al-Bāriʻ fī Sharḥ al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʻ. Muʻassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
al-Ḥillī, Jaʿfar Ibn al-Ḥasan (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī). 1987/1408. Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām fī Masāʾil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Edited by ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad ʿAlī Baqqāl. Qom: Muʾassasat Ismāʿīlīyān.
al-Ḥillī, Jaʿfar Ibn al-Ḥasan (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī). 1997/1418. al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ (al-Nafiʿ fī Mukhtaṣar al-Sharāʾiʿ). Qom: Muʾassasat al-MṭbūʿāT AL-Dīnīyya.
al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan Ibn Yūsuf (al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī). 1989/1410. Irshād al-Aḍhhān ʼIlā Aḥkām al-Īmān . Qom: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʿat al-Mudarrisīn.
al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan Ibn Yūsuf (al-ʻAllāma al-Ḥillī). 1991/1412. Muntahā al-Maṭlab fī Tahqīq al-Maḍhhab. Mashhad: Majmaʻ al-Buḥūth al-Islāmīya.
al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan Ibn Yūsuf (al-ʻAllāma al-Ḥillī). 1993/1414. Tadhkirat al-Fuqahāʻ. Qom: Muʼassast Āl al-Bayt li Īḥyāʻ al-Turāth.
al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan Ibn Yūsuf (al-ʻAllāma al-Ḥillī). 1992/1413. Qawāʻid al-Aḥkām fī Maʻrifat al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
al-Ḥillī, Muḥammad Ibn asan (Fakhr al-Muḥaqqiqīn). 1967/1387. Īḍāḥ al-Fawāʻid fī Sharḥ Mushkilāt al-Qawāʻid. Edited by Sayyid Ḥusayn Mūsawī Kirmānī, ʻAlī Panāh Ishtihārdī and ʻAbd al-Raḥīm Burujirdī. Qom: Muʼassasat Ismāʻīlīyān.
al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī). 2003/1424. Tawḍīḥ al-Masāʼil Marājiʻ. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī). 2004/1425. Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī). n.d. Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah. Qom: Dār al-ʻIlm.
al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī).1997/1418. Al-Mawsūʻat al-Imām al-Khuʼī. Qom: Muʼassasat Tanẓīm wa Nashr Āthār al-Imām al-Khumaynī.
Al-Rawḥānī, Sayyid Muḥammad. 1997/1418. Al-Murtaqā Ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā, Kitāb al-Zakāt. Tehran: Muʼasissat al-Jalīl lil Taḥqīqāt al-Thaqāfīyat.
al-Ḥusaynī al-Sīstānī, al-Sayyid ʻAlī. 2022/1443. Tawḍīḥ al-Masāʼil al-Jāmiʻ. Mashhhad: the Office of his Eminence.
al-ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Makkī (al-Shahīd al-Awwal). 1989/1410. al-Lumʻat al-Dimashqīyya fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyya. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth al-Islāmīyah.
al-ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Makkī (al-Shahīd al-Awwal). 1991/1412. al-Bayān. Qom: Muḥaqiq.
al-Ṭurayḥī, Fakhr al-Dīn. 1995/1375. Majmaʻ al-Baḥrayn. 3rd. Tehran: al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīyya li Iḥyāʼ al-Āthār al-Jaʻfarīyya.
al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 1967/1387. al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyya. 3rd. Tehran: al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīya li ʼIḥyaʼ al-Āthār al-Jaʻfarīyah.
al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī).1979/1400. al-Nihāyat fī Mujarrad al-Fiqh wa al-Fatāwā. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī.
al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Makkī (al-Shahīd al-Awwal). 1996/1417. al-Durūs al-Sharʿīyya fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyya. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʿat al-Mudarrisīn.
al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Makkī (al-Shahīd al-Awwal). 1993/1414. Ghāyat al-Murād fī Sharḥ Nukat al-Irshād. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom (Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzi-yī ʿIlmīyyi-yi Qom).
al-ʿĀmilī, Zayn al-Dīn Ibn ʿAlī (al-Shahīd al-Thānī).1991/1412. al-Rawḍat al-Bahīyya fī Sharḥ al-Lumʿat al-Dimashqīyya.. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom (Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzi-yī ʻIlmīyyi-yi Qom).
al-ʿĀmilī, Zayn al-Dīn Ibn ʿAlī (al-Shahīd al-Thānī).1989/1410. al-Rawḍat al-Bahīyya fī Sharḥ al-Lumʿat al-Dimashqīyya.. Maktabat al-Dāwarī.
al-ʻĀmilī, Zayn al-Dīn Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shahīd al-Thānī). 1992/1413. Masālik al-Afhām ilā Tanqiḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. Qom: Mūʻassasat al-Maʻārif al-Islāmīyya.
Ābī, Ḥassan ibn Abī Ṭālib. 1987/1408. Kashf al-Rumūz fī Sharḥ al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiī. Edited by ʻAlī Panāh Ishtihārdī. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
Al-Farāhīdī, KhalīlibnAḥmad. 1989/1409. Kitāb al-ʻAyn. 2nd. Qom: Muʼassasat Dār al-Hijra.
Al-Fīrūz Ābādī, Majd al-Dīn abū Ṭāhir Muḥammad ibn Yaʻqūb. 1989/1409. Al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīṭ. 8th. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.
Al-Fayyūmī, Abul ʻAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. n.d. Al-Miṣbāḥ al-Munīr fī Gharīb al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr. Qom: Beirut: Muʼasissat Dār al-Hijrat..
al-ʻĀmilī al-Karakī, ʻAlī Ibn al-Ḥusayn (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Karakī, al-Muḥaqqiq al-Thānī). 1993/1414. Jāmiʻ al-Maqāṣid fī Sharḥ al-Qawaʻid. 2nd. Qom: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-Turath.
al-Kulaynī al-Rāzī, Muḥammad Ibn Yaʻqūb (al-Shaykh al-Kulayni). 1987/1407. al-Kāfī. 14th. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah.
al-Kulaynī al-Rāzī, Muḥammad Ibn Yaʿqūb (al-Shaykh al-Kulayni). 2008/1429. al-Kāfī. Edited by Muʾassasat Dār al-Ḥadīth. Qum: Muʾassasat Dār al-Ḥadīth.
Al-Marʿashī al-Najafī, Sayyid Shahāb al-Dīn. 1985/1406. Minhāj al-Muʼminīn. 1st. Qom: Manshūrāt Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-ʿUẓmā al-Marʿashī al-Najafī.
al-Muntaẓirī al-Najaf Ābādī, Ḥusaynalī.1998/1409. Kitāb al-Zakāt. Qom: Markaz-i Jahānī Muṭāliʻāt-i Islāmī.
al-Mūsawī al-ʻĀmilī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad (Ṣāḥīb al-Madārik). 1990/1411. Madārik al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. Beirut: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth.
Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʻ, Ḥasan ibn Jaʻfar. 2001/1422. Anwār al-Fiqāha (Kitāb al-Ṭahārat). Najaf: Maṭbaʻat Kāshif al-Ghiṭā al-ʻĀmma.
al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. 1983/1404. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. 7th. Edited by ʻAbbās al-Qūchānī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Yazdī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. 2009/1388. al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā wa al-Taʻlīqāt ʻAlayhā. Qom: Muʼasassat al-Sibṭayn al-ʻĀlimīyah.
al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Yazdī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. 1988/1409. al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā fīmā Taʻummu bihī al-Balwā. 2nd. Beirut: Muʼassasat al-Aʻlamī li al-Maṭbūʻāt.
al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Yazdī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. 2007/1428. al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā maʻa al-Taʻlīqāt.. Qom: Muʼasassat al-Sibṭayn al-ʻĀlimīyah.
Journal of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence
Volume 11, Issue 1 - Serial Number 38
Articles
June 2025
Pages 99-123

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics