Conceptual and Thematic Distinction between Sharʻī Contracts and Treaties

Document Type : Research (Normal Review)

Authors

1 Techer at the higher levels of the seminary and PhD in Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

2 Hajjah al-Islam and professor of external courses at Alimeh Khoza, Khorasan

Abstract

Given the legal structure of international treaties and their legal and enforcement requirements, a fundamental question arises in Islamic jurisprudence: Can international treaties be considered a type of contract (ʻaqd) and analyzed within the framework of the Qur’ānic verse “awfū bī al-ʻuqūd” (fulfill your contracts), or are these two concepts inherently distinct, each requiring examination in its own specific context?
By carefully analyzing the concepts of “contract” and “treaty” in the Islamic legal system, this study aims to demonstrate the substantial differences between them across various dimensions. These differences manifest not only in their fundamental elements—such as offer (ijāb) and acceptance (qabūl), contracting parties, and negotiable matters—but also in their sources of legitimacy, enforcement mechanisms, governing ethical principles, and underlying objectives.
 
In international treaties, governments, as well as national and global interests, take precedence, with political, economic, and strategic considerations playing a significant role. In contrast, conventional contracts, which primarily belong to the individual and jurisprudential realm, emphasize the fulfillment of promises as both a religious and moral obligation, deeply rooted in sharʻī and jurisprudential teachings. Therefore, equating these two legal concepts is highly questionable in Islamic jurisprudence.
To analyze and interpret international treaties within the framework of Islamic jurisprudence, it is crucial to recognize these two subjects as distinct. Through a comparative and comprehensive examination of international treaties and jurisprudential contracts established by the Holy Lawmaker, this study underscores the necessity of accurately distinguishing between them. Key issues such as individual and governmental jurisprudence, private and public interests, and the nature of obligation and enforcement in the context of both international treaties and contractual obligations are also analyzed.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

التمیُّز المفهومی والموضوعی للعقود الشرعیة والمعاهدات

Abstract [العربیة]

بالنظر إلى الهیکل القانونی للمعاهدات الدولیة ومتطلباتها القانونیة والتنفیذیة، تُطرح مسألة أساسیة فی الفقه الإسلامی وهی: هل یمکن اعتبار المعاهدات الدولیة نوعًا من العقود وتحلیلها وتفسیرها فی إطار مصادیق الآیة الکریمة "أوفوا بالعقود" ، أم أن هذین المفهومین یختلفان جوهریًا عن بعضهما البعض ویجب دراسة کل منهما فی إطاره الخاص؟




تسعى هذه المقالة ومن خلال تحلیل دقیق لمفهومی "العقد" و"المعاهدة" فی النظام القانونی الإسلامی، وباستخدام طریقة التحلیل المقارن، إلى إظهار الاختلافات الجوهریة بینهما فی أبعاد مختلفة. هذه الاختلافات لا تظهر فقط فی الأجزاء المکونة لهما (مثل الإیجاب والقبول، وأطراف الاتفاق، والموضوعات القابلة للتعامل بها)، بل أیضًا فی مصدر الشرعیة، والضمانات التنفیذیة، والمبادئ الأخلاقیة التی تحکمهما، وأهداف تحققهما.




تُعتبر الدول والمصالح الوطنیة والعالمیة هی محور الأساس فی المعاهدات الدولیة، وغالبًا ما تتأثر هذه المعاهدات بعوامل سیاسیة واقتصادیة واستراتیجیة. على عکس ذلک، فی العقود المتعارف علیها التی تُبرم أساسًا فی المجالین الفردی والفقهی، لا یُعد الوفاء بالعهد مجرد واجب دینی وأخلاقی فحسب، بل یرتبط أیضًا بالتعالیم الشرعیة والفقهیة.




لذلک، فإن مفهوم توحید هاتین المقولتین فی الفقه الإسلامی محل شک کبیر، ومن الضروری، لتحلیل وتفسیر المعاهدات الدولیة فی إطار الفقه الإسلامی، إیلاء اهتمام خاص لازدواجیة المفهوم.




تؤکد هذه الدراسة، من خلال تقدیم تحلیل مقارن وشامل للمعاهدات الدولیة والعقود الفقهیة الشرعیة، على ضرورة التحدید الدقیق لمکانة هاتین الفئتین فی الفقه الإسلامی. وفی هذا السیاق، یتم تحلیل مباحث مهمة مثل الفقه الفردی والحکومی، والمصالح الخاصة والعامة، وموضوع الإلزام والإقدام فی مجال المعاهدات الدولیة والالتزامات التعاقدیة.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • المعاهدات الدولیة
  • العقود الشرعیة
  • المعاهدات
  • الشخص الاعتباری

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Journal of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence
Volume 10, Issue 3 - Serial Number 36
Articles
September 2024
Pages 101-128

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