An Analysis of the Detrimental Aspects of the Jurists’ Use of the Qurʼān in Ijtihād

Document Type : Figh& Ijtihad

Author

Department for Philosophy of Jurisprudence and Law, Islamic Sciences and Culture Academy

10.22034/jrj.2025.69551.2844

Abstract

The Holy Qurʼān has always served as the primary authority in Islamic jurisprudence and is regarded as one of its most essential sources. However, its application in ijtihād has occasionally been marked by shortcomings and detrimental practices.
This study concisely examines some of the most significant deficiencies in the utilization of the Holy Qurʼān in ijtihād. These include: the failure to employ the Qurʼān in determining the authenticity of narrations (riwāyāt); incomplete coverage of Qurʼānic verses; neglect of the Qurʼān in assessing the contextual direction of narrations; insufficient investigation into the underlying reasons (ʿilal) for rulings (aḥkām); lack of comparative evaluation between the terminologies used in narrations and those in Qurʼānic verses; underutilization of the attributes of the Lawgiver (Shāri’); inadequate application of anthropological foundations; inattention to matters of belief and morality; failure to distinguish between literal (ẓāhir) and substantive (ḥaqīqī) propositions; neglect in presenting rulings as general principles; and interpreting narrations without due consideration of Qurʼānic verses. Additionally, the study addresses the problematic tendency to disregard the apparent meaning (ẓāhir) of the Qurʼān without substantiated evidence.
Keywords: Detrimental Effects, Qurʼān, Usage, Steps of Ijtihād

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

استخدام الفقهاء للقرآن الکریم فی الاجتهاد... دراسة نقدیة

Abstract [العربیة]

لطالما کان القرآن الکریم المرجع الأساسی فی علم الفقه، ومصدراً هاماً من مصادره. إلا أنّ استخدامه فی علم الفقه قد یشوبه فی بعض الأحیان بعض الأخطاء والنواقص. یحاول هذا البحث تسلیط الضوء على أبرز هذه الآفات فی استخدام القرآن الکریم کمصدر للاجتهاد الفقهی، وذلک بشکل مختصر ومکثف، وهی:
عدمُ استخدام القرآن فی إحراز صدور الروایة، عدمُ الإحاطة الکاملة بآیات القرآن، عدمُ استخدام القرآن فی إحراز جهة صدور الروایة، عدمُ الاستقصاء الکامل لعلل الأحکام، عدمُ الموازنة بین العناوین المذکورة فی الروایات والعناوین المذکورة فی الآیات، عدمُ الاستخدام الکامل لصفات الشارع، عدمُ الاستخدام الکامل للمبانی الأنثروبولوجیة، عدمُ الانتباه الکامل للأمور الاعتقادیة والأخلاقیة، عدمُ التفریق بین القضیة الخارجیة والقضیة الحقیقیة، عدمُ الانتباه إلى تقدیم الأحکام فی شکل مفاهیم کلیة، عدمُ فهم الروایات فی ضوء الآیات، العدول عن ظاهر القرآن بأدلة غیر مبینة.... إلخ.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • دراسة الأخطاء
  • الاستخدام
  • القرآن
  • مراحل الاجتهاد

References

  1. The Holy Qurʼān.

    1. Ibn Abī Ḥātam, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān. 1988/1419. Tafsīr al-Qurʼān al-ʻAẓīm. 3rd. Riyadh: Maktabat Nazār Muṣṭafā al-Bāriz.
    2. Aʻrāfī, ʻAlīriḍā. 2008/1387. Fiqh-i Tarbīyātī. Qom: Pazhūhishgāh-i Ḥawzih Wa Dānishgāh.
    3. al-Anṣārī, Murtaḍā Ibn Muḥammad Amin (al-Shaykh al-Anṣārī). 2007/1428. Farāʼid al-Uṣūl. 5th. Qom: Majmaʻ al-Fikr al-Islāmī.
    4. Ayyāzī, Sayyid Muḥammad ʻAlī. 2001/1381. Fiqh Pazhūhishī-yi Qurʼān. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom (Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzi-yī ʻIlmīyyi-yi Qom).
    5. Ayyāzī, Sayyid Muḥammad ʻAlī. 2007/1386. Milākāt-i Aḥkām wa Shīwih-hāyi Istikshāf-i Ān. Qom: Pazhūhishgāh-i ʻUlūm wa Farhang-i Islāmī.
    6. al-Iīrawānī, Muḥammad Bāqir. 2006/1427. Durūs Tamhīdīyah fī al-Fiqh al-Istidlālī ʻalā al-Madhhab al-Jaʻfarīyah. 2nd. Qom.
    7. al-Mūsawī al-Bujnurdī, al-Sayyid Ḥasan. 2000/1379. Muntahā al-ʻUṣūl. Tehran: Muʼassasat al-ʻUrūj.
    8. al-Mūsawī al-Bujnurdī, al-Sayyid Ḥasan. 1998/1419. al-Qawāʻid al-Fiqhīya. Qom: Nashr al-Hādī.
    9. Āl ʿUṣfūr al-Baḥrānī, Yūsuf ibn Aḥmad ibn Ibrāhīm. 1984/1405. Al-Ḥadāʼiq al-Nāḍirat fī Aḥkām al-ʻItrat al-Ṭāhirah. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    10. Bahārī, Muḥammad Riḍā. 2010/1389. Āsīb Shināsī-yi Rawish Shinākhtī-yi Ijtihād-i Pūyā. Kitāb-i Naqd, 54, 45-70.
    11. al-Subḥānī al-Tabrīzī, Jaʻfar. 1995/1416. Irshād al-Qulūb ʼIlā Mabāḥith al-Uṣūl. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq.
    12. Al-Tawḥīdī, Muḥammad ʻAlī. 1996/1417. Miṣbāḥ al-Fiqāhah (Taqrīrāt Buḥūth al-Sayyid al-khuʼī). Qom: Muʾassasat Anṣārīyān li al-Ṭibāʿa wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ.
    13. al-Hāshimī al-Shāhrūdī, al-Sayyid Maḥmūd. 2002/1423. Mawsūʻat al-Fiqh al-Islāmī Ṭibqan li Maḍhhab Ahl al-Bayt (ʻA). Volume 1. Muʼasissat Dāʼirat al-Maʻārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī Ṭibqan li Maḍhhab Ahl al-Bayt (ʻA).
    14. Al-Jawādī al-Āmulī, ʻAbdullāh. 2008/1387. Tafsīr Tasnīm. 7th. Qom: Intishārāt Isrāʼ.
    15. Al-Jawādī al-Āmulī, ʻAbdullāh. 2008/1387. Wilāyat-i Faqīh, Wilāyat-i Fiqāhat wa ʻIdālat. Edited by Muḥammad Miḥrābī. Qom: Intishārāt Isrāʼ.
    16. Al-Ḥāʼirī al-Yazdī, Sayyid Murtaḍā. 2003/1382. Mabānī al-Aḥkām fī Uṣūl Sharāʼiʻ al-Islām. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn
    17. Al-Ḥāʼirī al-Yazdī, Sayyid Murtaḍā. 1997/1418. Kitāb al-Khums. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    18. Al-Ḥusaynī al-Ḥāʼirī, Sayyid Kāẓim. 1994/1415. Al-Qaḍāʼ fī al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. Qom: Majmaʻ Andīshih-yi Islāmī
    19. al-Ḥurr al-ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan. 1993/1414. Tafṣīl Wasāʼil al-Shīʻa ilā Taḥṣīl al-Masāʼil al-Sharīʻa. 2nd. Qom: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ a-lturāth.
    20. al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī). 1994/1415. Al-Makāsib al-Muḥaramah. Vol. 2. Qom: Muʼassasat Tanẓīm wa Nashr Āthār al-Imām al-Khumaynī.
    21. al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī). 2000/1421. Kitāb al-Bayʻ. Tehran: Muʼassasat Tanẓīm wa Nashr Āthār al-Imām al-Khumaynī.
    22. al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Muṣṭafā. 1997/1418. Taḥrīrāt fī al-Uṣūl. Tehran: Muʼassasat Tanẓīm wa Nashr Āthār al-Imām al-Khumaynī.
    23. al-Khumaynī, al-Sayyid Muṣṭafā. 1995/1376. Mustanad Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah. Tehran: Muʼassasat Tanẓīm wa Nashr Āthār al-Imām al-Khumaynī.
    24. al-Mūsawī al-Khuʾī, al-Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim. 1997/1418. Al-Bayān. 5th. Beirut: Dār al-Zahrāʼ.
    25. Dihkhudā, ʻAlī Akbar. 1946/1325. Lughat Nāmih-yi Dihkhudā.. Tehran: Majlis-i Shurā-yi Millī (National Consultative Assembly).
    26. al-Ḥusaynī al-Rawḥānī, al-Sayyid Ṣadiq. 1991/1412. Fiqh al-Ṣādiq. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Imām al-Sādiq.
    27. Zujāj, Ibrāhīm. 1995/1416. Iʻrāb al-Qurʼān. 3nd. Qom: Dār al-Tafsīr.
    28. Al-Zarkashī al-Miṣrī al-Ḥanbalī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʻAbdullāh. 1989/1410. Al-Burhān fī ʻUlūm al-Qurʼān. Beirut: Dār al-Tafsīr.
    29. al-Subḥānī al-Tabrīzī, Jaʻfar. 1999/1420. Al-Khums fī al-Sharīʻat al-Islāmīyat al-Ghuraʼ. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq.
    30. al-Sabzawārī, al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Aʻlā. 1996/1417. Tahdhīb al-Uṣūl. Beirut: Muʼasissat al-Manār.
    31. al-Sabzawārī, al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Aʻlā. 1992/1413. Muhadhdhab al-Aḥkām fī Bayān al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. 4th. Beirut: Muʼasissat al-Manār.
    32. Al-Sulmī al-Shāfiʻī, ʻIzz al-Dīn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz. 1986/1407. Al-ʼImām fī Bayān Adillat al-Aḥkām. Edited by Riḍwān Mukhtār ibn Gharbīyat. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʼir al-Islāmīyah.
    33. al-Ḥusaynī al-Sīstānī, al-Sayyid ʿAlī. 1995/1414. Qā‘idat lā Ḍararr wa lā Ḍirārr. Beirut: Dār al-Muwarrikh al-ʻArabī.
    34. al-Siywarī al-Ḥillī, Miqdād Ibn ʻAbd Allāh (Fāḍil Miqdād). 2004/1415. Kanz al-ʻIrfān fī Fiqh al-Qurān. Qom: al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīya.
    35. Al-Sīyūṭī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Abī Bakr. 2000/1421. Al-Itqān fī ʻUlūm al-Qurʼān. Cario: Maktabat al-Ādāb.
    36. Shahābī, Maḥmūd. 1996/1417. Adwār al-Fiqh. 5th. Tehran: Muʼassisi-yi Intishārāt-i wa Chāp-i Dānishgāh Tihrān (Tehran University).
    37. al-ʻĀmilī, Zayn al-Dīn Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shahīd al-Thānī). 1998/1419. Masālik al-Afhām ilā Tanqiḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. Qom: Mūʻassasat al-Maʻārif al-Islāmīyya.
    38. Ibn Bābiwayh al-Qommī, Muḥammad Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq). 1993/1404. ʻUyūn Akhbār al-Riḍā (ʻA). Beirut: Muʼasissat al-Aʻlamī lil Maṭbūʻāt.
    39. Ibn Bābiwayh al-Qommī, Muḥammad Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq). 1992/1413. Man Lā Yahḍuruh al-Faqīh. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nash al-Islamī li Jmāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    40. al-Mūsawī al-Khuʼī, al-Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim.1996/1417. Al-Hidāyat fī al-Uṣūl. Taqrīrāt Ḥasan Ṣāfī Iṣfahānī. Qom: Muʼasassat Ṣāhib al-Amr.
    41. al-Ṣadr, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. 1978/1399. Khilāfat al-Insān wa Shihādat al-Anbīyā. Beirut: Dār al-Taʻāruf lil Maṭbūʻāt.
    42. al-Ṣadr, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. 1987/1408. Buḥūth fī Sharḥ al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā. Qom: al-Majmaʿ al-ʿIlmī li al-Shahīd al-ṣadr.
    43. Al-Ṣīmarī al-Baḥrānī, MufliḥibnḤasan. 2000/1420. Qāyat al-Marām fī Sharḥ Sharāʼiʻ al-Islām. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī.
    44. Ḍīyāʼīfar, Saʻīd. 2019/1398. Falsafih-yi ʻIlm-i Fiqh. 2nd. Qom. Pazhūhishgāh-i Ḥawzih wa Dānishgāh.
    45. Ḍīyāʼīfar, Saʻīd. 2022/1401. Jāygāh-i Mabānī-yi Kalāmī dar Ijtihād. 4th. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom (Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzi-yī ʿIlmīyyi-yi Qom).
    46. Ḍīyāʼīfar, Saʻīd. 2022/1401. Maktab-hāyi Uṣūlī Mawjūd wa Maṭlūb. Qom: Pazhūhishgāh-i Ḥawzih wa Dānishgāh.
    47. al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn (al-ʿAllāma al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī). 2011/1390. al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-ʼAʻlamī lil Maṭbūʻāt.
    48. al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Ḥāʼirī, al-Sayyid ʻAlī (Ṣāḥīb al-Rīyaḍ). 1997/1418. Rīyāḍ al-Masāʼil fī Taḥqiq al-Aḥkām bī al-Dalāʼil. Qom: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth.
    49. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī).1979/1400. al-Nihāyat fī Mujarrad al-Fiqh wa al-Fatāwā. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī.
    50. Al-Ṭūsī al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). n.d. al-Tibyān fī Tafsīr al-Qurān. Edited by al-Sayyid Muḥammad Ṣādiq Āl Baḥr al-ʻUlūm. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
    51. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 1967/1387. al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyya. 3rd. Tehran: al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīya li ʼIḥyaʼ al-Āthār al-Jaʻfarīyah.
    52. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 1986/1407. Al-Khilāf. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    53. al-Ḥusaynī al-ʻAmilī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Jawād. 2004/1419. Miftāḥ al-Kirāma fī Sharḥ Qwāʻid al-ʻAllāma. 1st. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
    54. al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan Ibn Yūsuf (al-ʻAllāma al-Ḥillī). 1993/1414. Tadhkirat al-Fuqahāʻ. Qom: Muʼassast Āl al-Bayt li Īḥyāʻ al-Turāth.
    55. al-Fayyāḍ, Muḥammad Isḥāq. 1980/1401. Al-Arāḍī, Majmūʻat Dirāsāt wa Buḥūth Fiqhīyat Islāmīyat. Qom: Muʼassasat Tanẓīm wa Nashr Āthār al-Imām al-Khumaynī.
    56. al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn (Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʻ). 2005/1426. Al-Firdūs al-Aʻlā. Qom: Dār al-Anwār al-Hudā.
    57. al-Kulaynī al-Rāzī, Muḥammad Ibn Yaʻqūb (al-Shaykh al-Kulayni). 1987/1407. al-Kāfī. 14th. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah.
    58. al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Taqī (al-Majlisī al-Awwal). 1985/1406. Rawḍat al-Muttaqīn fī Sharḥ Man Lā Yaḥḍaruh al-Faqīh. Qom: Bunyād-i Farhang-i Islāmī-yi Kūshanpūr.
    59. Al-Madanī al-Kāshānī, Ḥāj Āqā Riḍā. 1988/1409. Taʻlīqat Sharīfat ʻalā Baḥth al-Khīyārāt wa al-Shurūṭ. Kāshān: Maktabat Āyatullāh al-Madanī al-Kāshānī.
    60. Miṣbāḥ Yazdī, Muḥammad Taqī. 1994/1373. Maʻārif Qurʼān: Khudāshināsī, Keyhān Shināsī, Insān Shināsī. Qom: Muʼasissih-yi dar Rāh-i Ḥaqq.
    61. Muṭahharī, Murtaḍā. 2011/1391. Yādāh-hāyi Ustād Muṭahharī. 3rd. Tehran: Ṣadrā.
    62. Muṭahharī, Murtaḍā. n.d. Insān dar Qurʼān. 3rd. Tehran: Ṣadrā.
    63. Mughnīyya, Muḥāmmad Jawād. 2000/1421. Fiqh al-Imām al-Ṣādiq. Qom: Muʾassasat Anṣārīyān li al-Ṭibāʿa wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ.
    64. Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. 2007/1428. Ḥīlih-hāyi Sharʻī wa Chārih Jūʼī-hāyi Ṣaḥīḥ. 2nd. Qom: Madrasi-yi Imām ʻAlī Ibn Abī Ṭālib.
    65. al-Muntaẓirī al-Najaf Ābādī, Ḥusaynalī. 1994/1415. Dirāsāt fī al-Makāsib al-Muḥarramah. Qom: Nashr-i Tafakkur.
    66. al-Muntaẓirī al-Najaf Ābādī, Ḥusaynalī. 2008/1429. Ḥukūmat-i Dīnī wa Ḥuqūq-i Insān. Qom: Arghawān-i Dānish.

     

    1. Mihrīzī Ṭuruqī, Mahdī. 2003/1382. Ijtihād-i Muʻāṣir-i Kifāyat-hā wa Kambūd-hā. Majalih-yi Āyīn-i Pazhūhish, 83, 483-491.
    2. al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. 1983/1404. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. 7th. Edited by ʻAbbās al-Qūchānī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
    3. al-Narāqī, Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Mahdī (al-Fāẓil al-Narāqī). 2001/1422. Rasāʼil wa Masāʼilash. 1st. Qom:Kungirih-yi Narāīyin Mullā Mahdī wa Mullā Muḥammad.
    4. al-Waḥīḍ al-Bihbahānī , Muḥammad Bāqīr. 2001/1422. Maṣābīḥ al-Ẓalām fī Sharḥ Mafātīḥ al-ṣhrāʻiʻ. Qom: Muʼassasat al-ʻAllāma al-Mujaddid al-Waḥīd al-Bihbahānī.
    5. al-Hāshimī al-Shāhrūdī, al-Sayyid Maḥmūd. 1996/1417. Buḥūth fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Taqrīrāt Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir al-Ṣadr. Qom: Dāʼirat al-Ma‘ārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī.
Journal of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence
Volume 10, Issue 4 - Serial Number 37
Articles
December 2024
Pages 107-134

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics