Assessing the possibility of receiving Damages Exceeding Diyah  Through the Financial Ta'zir of the Perpetrator

Khamechi, Ehsan; Masoudian, Mostafa

doi:10.22034/jrj.2025.71225.2952

Assessing the possibility of receiving Damages Exceeding Diyah Through the Financial Ta'zir of the Perpetrator

Document Type : Research (Fast Track Review)

Authors

Ehsan Khamechi ¹
Mostafa Masoudian ²

¹ Master of Arts in Jurisprudence and Criminal Law, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran- PhD student in Criminal Law and Criminology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch

² Assistant Professor of the Department of Fiqh and of Islamic Law, Shahid University ,Tehran, Iran

10.22034/jrj.2025.71225.2952

Abstract

"Diyah" is one of the endorsed decrees in Islam, which is paid to the victim or their family in return for unintentional crimes. After the concept of "Diyah" was reflected in the laws following the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the issue of how to pay damages exceeding the "Diyah" has consistently been a significant topic in scholarly circles. One approach to compensate for such damages is to obligate the perpetrator based on financial "Ta'zir" (discretionary punishment). Therefore, the central question of the present study is to examine the legitimacy of receiving these damages based on the "Ta'zir" of the perpetrator. The outcome of this descriptive-analytical research is that, considering the documentary or indicative flaws in the narrations cited to prove the permissibility of financial "Ta'zir" for the perpetrator, as well as the exclusion of the principle of "Ta'zir as the ruler sees fit" to substantiate this view, the arguments for the view of non-permissibility, namely, the fixed amount of "Diyah," the prohibition of double punishment, the principle of non-guardianship, and the principle of innocence, will be without opposition. Therefore, considering the soundness of the arguments for the view of non-permissibility, the only way to compensate for damages exceeding the "Diyah" is to actualize the rate of "Diyah" in accordance with the "Diyah" stipulated in Islamic law and to secure it through public institutions.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Legalization Jurisprudence (Civil, Criminal, Fundamental, International)

Article Title [العربیة]

جدوى استیفاء تعویضات زائدة عن الدیة بناءً على التعزیر المالی للجانی

Abstract [العربیة]

تُعد الدیة من الأحکام التأسیسیة التی أقرها الإسلام، وتُدفع للضحیة أو ورثتها فی حالات الجرائم غیر العمدیة. بعد إقرار مؤسسة الدیة فی القوانین بعد انتصار الثورة الإسلامیة، برز نقاش هام فی الأوساط الأکادیمیة حول کیفیة دفع التعویضات التی تتجاوز الدیة. إحدى الطرق المقترحة لدفع هذه التعویضات هی إلزام الجانی بها بناءً على التعزیر المالی.
المسألة الرئیسة فی هذا البحث هی دراسة مدى مشروعیة تحصیل هذه التعویضات بناءً على تعزیر الجانی. تُشیر نتائج هذا البحث، الذی اتبع منهجاً وصفیاً تحلیلیاً، إلى أنه نظراً للإشکال السندی والدلالی على الروایات المستند إلیها لإثبات جواز التعزیر المالی للجانی، وکذلک عدم انطباق قاعدة "التعزیر بما یراه الحاکم" لإثبات هذا الرأی، فإن الأدلة التی تدعم عدم الجواز - مثل الدیة مقطوعة، ومنع العقوبة المزدوجة، وأصل عدم الولایة، وأصل البراءة - تظل بلا معارض.
بناءً على ذلک، ونظراً لإتقان أدلة الرأی القائل بعدم الجواز، فإن السبیل الوحید لتعویض الخسائر التی تتجاوز الدیة هو جعل سعر الدیة واقعیاً بما یتوافق مع الدیة الشرعیة، وتوفیر ذلک من خلال المؤسسات المجتمعیة فی الجرائم غیر العمدیة.

Keywords [العربیة]

الخسارة
الدیة
المجنی علیه
الجانی
التعزیر المالی

Full Text

به فایل PDF مراجعه نمایید.

References

The Holy Qurʼān.

Ibn Athīr Shībānī, Majd al-Dīn Mubārak ibn Muḥammad. Al-Nihāyat fī Gharīb al-Ḥadith wa al-Athar. Beirut: Dār Iḥyaʾ al-Turāth al-ʿĀrabī.

Ibn Bābiwayh al-Qommī, Muḥammad Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq). 1992/1413. Man Lā Yahḍuruh al-Faqīh. 2nd. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nash al-Islāmī li Jmāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.

Ibn Fārīs, Aḥmad Ibn Fārīs. 1990/1411. Muʻjam Maqāyīs al-Lugha. Beirut: Dār al-Jabal.

Ibn Qudāmah al-Maqdisī, Muwaffaq al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdullāh ibn Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. 1968/1388. Al-Mughniʻ fī Fiqh Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qāhirah.

al-ʻĀmilī, Zayn al-Dīn Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shahīd al-Thānī). 1997/1376. al-Rawḍat al-Bahīyya fī Sharḥ al-Lumʻat al-Dimashqīyya. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom (Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzi-yī ʻIlmīyyi-yi Qom).

Jawādī Āmulī, ʻAbd Allāh. 2012/1391. Wilāyat-i Faqīh, Wilāyat-i Fiqāhat wa ʻIdālat. Qom: Markaz-i Nashr-i Isrāʼ.

al-Ḥurr al-ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan. 1988/1409. Tafṣīl Wasāʼil al-Shīʻa ilā Taḥṣīl al-Masāʼil al-Sharīʻa. Qom: Muʼassasat Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ a-lturāth.

Al-Marāghī, ʻAbd al-Fattāḥ. 1996/1417. Al-ʻAnāwīn al-Fiqhīyah. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.

al-Ḥillī, Najm al-Dīn Jaʻfar Ibn al-Ḥasan (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī). 1987/1408. Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām fī Masāʼil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. 2nd. Edited by ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad ʻAlī Baqqāl. Qom: Muʼassasat Ismāʻīlīyān.

al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan Ibn Yūsuf (al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī). 1961/1381. Rijāl al-ʻAllāmah. 2^nd. Najaf: Manshūrāt al-Ḥaydarīyah.

al-Ḥusaynī al-Khāminaʼī, al-Sayyid ʻAlī. 2011/1390. Rah Tūshih-yi Qaḍāyī. Qom: Nashr Qaḍā.

Shafīʻī Sarwistānī, Ibrāhīm. 1997/1376. Qānūn-i Dīyat wa Muqtaḍīyāt-i Zamān. Tehran: Markaz-i Taḥqīqāt-i Istirātizhīk-i Rīyāsat Jumhūrī.

Al-Ṣāfī al-Gulpāygānī, Luṭfullāh. 1983/1404. Al-Taʻzīr, Anwāʻ-uhū wa Mulḥaqāt-uhū. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.

al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 1967/1387. al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyya. 3^rd. Tehran: al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīya li ʼIḥyaʼ al-Āthār al-Jaʻfarīyah.

Al-Fayyūmī, Abul ʻAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. 1984/1405. Al-Miṣbāḥ al-Munīr fī Sharḥ al-Kabīr lil Rāfiʻī. Qom: Muʼassasat Dār al-Hijra.

al-Janājī al-Ḥillī al-Najafī, Jaʿfar ibn Khiḍr ibn Yaḥyā (Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ). 2011/1422. Kashf al-Ghiṭāʾ ʿan Mubhamāt al-sharīʿat al-gharrāʾ. Qom: Būstān-i Kitāb-i Qom (Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzi-yī ʿIlmīyyi-yi Qom).

al-Kulaynī al-Rāzī, Muḥammad Ibn Yaʻqūb (al-Shaykh al-Kulayni). 1987/1407. al-Kāfī. 14^th. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah.

Al-Māwirdī, Abī al-Ḥassan ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad. 1967/1386. Al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭānīyat wa al-Wilāyāt al-Dīnīyat. Makkat al-Mukarrmat: Tawzīʻ Dār al-Taʻāwun lil Nashr wa al-Tawzīʻ ʻAbbās Aḥmad al-Bāz.

al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Taqī (al-Majlisī al-Awwal). 1985/1406. Rawḍat al-Muttaqīn fī Sharḥ Man Lā Yaḥḍaruh al-Faqīh. 2nd. Qom: Bunyād-i Farhang-i Islāmī-yi Kūshanpūr.

Marʻshī, Muḥammad Ḥassan. 1994/1373. Dīdgāh-hāyi Nuw dar Ḥuqūq-i Keyfarī-yi Islām. Tehran: Nashr-i Mīzān.

Muṣṭafā Zādih, Fahīm. 2016/1395. Qanūn-i Mujāzāt-i Islāmī-yi Muṣawwab 1392 dar Partu Naẓarāt-i Shurā-yi Nigahbān. Tehran: Pazhūhishkadih Shurā-yi Nigahbān.

Ibn Nuʿmān, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad (al-Shaykh al-Mufīd). 1992/1413. al-Mughniʿa. Qom: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿĀlamī li Alfīyyat al-Shaykh al-Mufīd.

Al-Muntaẓirī, Ḥusayn ʻAlī. 1988/1409. Dirāsāt fī Wilāyat al-Faqīh wa Fiqh al-Dawlat al-Islāmīyah. Qom: al-Markaz al-ʻĀlimī lil Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyah.

Muʼsissih-yi Āmūzishī wa Pazhūhishī-yi Qaḍā. Tūshih-yi Qazāyī: Istiftāʼāt-i Qaḍāyī az Maḥḍar Muʻaẓam-I Inqilāb Āyatullāh Khāminiʼī. Qom: Nashr-i Muʼsissih-yi Āmūzishī wa Pazhūhishī-yi Qaḍā.

Muʼsissih-yi Āmūzishī wa Pazhūhishī-yi Qaḍā. 2011/1390. Ganjīnih-yi Istiftāʼāt-i Qaḍāyī. Qom: Nashr-i Muʼsissih-yi Āmūzishī wa Pazhūhishī-yi Qaḍā.

Al-Mūsawī al-Ardabīlī, Sayyid ʻAbul al-Karīm. 2006/1427. Fiqh al-Ḥudūd wa al-Taʻzīrāt. 2^nd. Muʼasissat al-Nashr li Jāmiʻat al-Mufīd.

al-Najjāshī, Aḥmad Ibn ʻAlī. 1986/1365. Rijāl al-Najāshī. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.

al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. 1983/1362. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. 7^th. Edited by ʻAbbās al-Qūchānī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.