A Feasibility Study of Recovering Damages Exceeding Dīyah Through Financial Taʿzīr of the Offender

Document Type : Research (Normal Review)

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Faculty of Theology, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.

Abstract

Dīyah (blood money) constitutes an established ruling in Islamic law, payable to victims or their heirs in cases of unintentional harm. Since its incorporation into Iran’s post-revolution legal system, a key jurisprudential debate has concerned compensation for damages exceeding the fixed dīyah amount. This study examines the legitimacy of recovering such excess damages through financial taʿzīr (discretionary punishment) imposed on offenders. 
Through descriptive-analytical methodology, this research reveals significant weaknesses in both the evidentiary basis (sanadī) and interpretive validity of narrations used to justify financial taʿzīr in such cases. The principle of al-taʿzīr bimā yarāh al-ḥākim (discretionary punishment at the judge’s discretion) proves thematically inapplicable to this context. 
Four substantive arguments support the impermissibility position: 
1) The fixed, non-negotiable nature of dīyah under Islamic law 
2) The prohibition against double punishment 
3) The principle of non-authority (ʻadam al-wilāyah) over offenders 
4) The principle of innocence (birāʼah) absent contradictory evidence 
Given the strength of these arguments, the study concludes that adjusting dīyah values to reflect real economic worth – supported by public or community institutions – represents the only shariʿah-compliant solution for adequate victim compensation, rather than imposing additional financial taʿzīr on offenders.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

حکم الزواج من الأقارب النسبیین فی الفقه السنی

Abstract [العربیة]

ارتأى مشهور فقهاء أهل السنة رجحان الزواج من الأقارب النسبیین وحکموا بکراهیته، وهو ما یخالف الرأی السائد فی الفقه الإمامی الذی یؤکد على الزواج من هذا الصنف. وقد استند فقهاء أهل السنة والعلامة الحلی فی استدلالهم إلى روایات تُنسب ظاهراً إلى النبی الأکرم صلى الله علیه وآله وسلم. ولقد عَزَوا سبب کراهة هذا النوع من الزواج إلى عبارات ذات طابع روائی، تُنسب ظاهراً إلى النبی صلى الله علیه وآله وسلم وإلى الخلیفة الثانی، والتی تنهى عن الزواج من الأقارب النسبیین بسبب الوهن الجسدی والعقلی للأطفال الناتجین عن مثل هذه الزیجات. وبعد بحث وتحقیق فی سند هذه الروایات ودلالتها، اتضح أن هذه العبارات ما هی إلا انعکاس لمعتقدات شعبیة ورأی الخلیفة الثانی، وقد نُسبت إلى النبی صلى الله علیه وآله وسلم بمرور الزمن، وبالتالی لا یمکن الرکون إلیها علمیاً.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • النکاح
  • الأقارب
  • الأقارب النسبیة

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Journal of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence
Volume 11, Issue 1 - Serial Number 38
Articles
June 2025
Pages 159-192

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