The Principle of Priority in the Conflict Between Rights of Individuals and Rights of Allāh

Document Type : Research (Normal Review)

Author

Department for Philosophy of Jurisprudence and Law, Islamic Sciences and Culture Academy

Abstract

The precedence or non-precedence of the rights of individuals (ḥaqq al-nās) over the rights of God (ḥaqq Allāh) is one of the key uṣūlī issues in the chapter on conflict (taʿāruḍ). Regarding whether the rights of God take precedence over the rights of individuals or vice versa, five possibilities have been proposed:
1)       The absolute precedence of the rights of God over the rights of individuals (mūjib al-kullī);
2)       The absolute precedence of the rights of individuals over the rights of God (mūjib al-kullī);
3)       The default principle (al-aṣl al-awwalī) favouring the precedence of the rights of God over the rights of individuals;
4)       The default principle favouring the precedence of the rights of individuals over the rights of God;
5)       The absence of a general rule or default principle, necessitating reference to evidence and context in each case.
A comprehensive discussion on this subject has not yet been conducted within the science of Uṣūl al-Fiqh. The primary research question is: which of these possibilities is most justified? The aim of this study is to critically and scientifically evaluate the evidence supporting these possibilities, with the intention that the findings may be applied in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh).
According to the author, conclusive evidence supports the fourth possibility as the only justifiable view, a position which itself constitutes one of the innovations of this study. Additionally, the proposition of the third and fourth possibilities, the provision of various evidence and interpretations in support of the fourth possibility, as well as the critique of the evidence for the other possibilities, are among the other innovations of this research. The evidence supporting the other possibilities is considered flawed. The main finding of this study is that the default principle favours the precedence of the rights of individuals over the rights of God.
According to this principle, in cases of conflict between the rights of individuals and the rights of God, the default presumption is the precedence of the rights of individuals, except where there is valid evidence indicating the greater importance of a specific right of God.




 

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

أصل التقدم فی التزاحم بین حق الناس وحق الله

Abstract [العربیة]

یُعدّ تقدیم حق الناس على حق الله أو عدم تقدیمه، أحد المباحث الأصولیة فی باب التزاحم. وقد طُرحت خمسة احتمالات بخصوص تقدیم حق الله على حق الناس أو العکس:
تقدیم حق الله على حق الناس على نحو موجبة کلیة.
تقدیم حق الناس على حق الله على نحو موجبة کلیة.
الأصل الأولی هو تقدیم حق الله على حق الناس.
الأصل الأولی هو تقدیم حق الناس على حق الله.
عدم وجود قاعدة کلیة أو أصل أولی، بل الرجوع إلى الأدلة والشواهد فی کل حالة.
لم یتم بحث هذا الموضوع بشکل کامل فی علم الأصول. والسؤال الرئیسی هو: أی من هذه الاحتمالات هو الأرجح؟ تهدف هذه المقالة إلى نقد وبحث أدلة هذه الاحتمالات بطریقة علمیة، حتى یمکن تطبیقها فی الفقه بعد إثباتها.
یرى الکاتب أن الأدلة التامة تدعم الاحتمال الرابع، وهو الرأی الوحید المرجح، ویُعدّ هذا من ابتکارات هذه المقالة. کما أن طرح الاحتمالین الثالث والرابع، وتقدیم بعض الأدلة والتقریرات للاحتمال الرابع، ونقد أدلة الاحتمالات الأخرى، هی أیضًا من ابتکارات المقالة. أما أدلة الاحتمالات الأخرى فهی محل خدش.
النتیجة الرئیسیة للمقالة هی أن الأصل الأولی هو تقدیم حق الناس على حق الله. واستنادًا إلى هذا الأصل، عند تزاحم حق الناس وحق الله، یکون الأصل هو تقدیم حق الناس على حق الله، إلا فی الحالات التی یوجد فیها دلیل معتبر على أهمیة أکبر لخصوصیة حق من حقوق الله.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • حق الله
  • حق الناس
  • القاعدة الکلیة
  • الأصل الأولی
  • التزاحم
  • الأهم والمهم

Full Text

به فایل Pdf مراجعه نمایید.

References

 
The Holy Qurʼān.
Ibn Bābiwayh al-Qommī, Muḥammad Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq). 1983/1362. al-Khiṣāl. 2nd. Qom: Muʼassasat  al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
Ibn Bābiwayh al-Qommī, Muḥammad Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq). 2006/1385. ʻIlal al-Sharaʻiʻ. Qom: Maktabat al-Dāwarī.
Ibn Bābiwayh al-Qommī, Muḥammad Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq). 1976/1396. Faḍāʼil al-ʼAshhur al-Thalāthat. Qom: Maktabat al-Dāwarī.
Ibn Bābiwayh al-Qommī, Muḥammad Ibn ʻAlī (al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq).1992/1413. Man Lā Yahḍuruh al-Faqīh. 2nd. Qom: Muʼassasat  al-Nash al-Islāmī li Jmāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
Ibn Barrāj al-Ṭirāblusī, ʻAbdulazīz. 1985/1406. Al-Muhadhab. Qom: Muʼassasat  al-Nash al-Islāmī li Jmāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
Al-ʼIḥsāyī, ibn Abī Jumhūr Muḥammad ibnʻAlī. 1984/1405. ʻAwālī al-Laʻālī al-ʻAzīzaīyat fī al-Aḥadith al-Dīnīyah. Karbalā: Maṭbaʻat Sayyid al-Shuhadāʼ.
Al-Mūsawī al-Ardabīlī, Sayyid ʻAbul al-Karīm. 1987/1408. Fiqh al-Qaḍāʼ. Qom: Manshūrāt Maktabat Amīr al-Muʼminīn.
al-Ishtihārdī, ʻAlī Panāh. 1996/1417. Madārik al-ʻUrwa. Tehran: Dar al-ʻUswat li al-Ṭibāʻa wa al-Nashr.
al-Anṣārī, Murtaḍā Ibn Muḥammad Amin (al-Shaykh al-Anṣārī). 1994/1415. Risālat fī Munjazāt al-Marīḍ. Qom: al-Muʻtamar al-ʻĀlamī Bimunasabat al-Ḍhikrā al-Miʻawīyya al-Thānīyya li Mīlād al-Shaykh al-Aʻẓam al-Anṣārī.
Al-Āmulī, MuḥammadTaqī. 2008/1429. Miṣbāḥ al-Hudā fī Sharḥ al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā. Maṭbaʻat al-Firdūsī.
Al-Tabrīzī, al-Mīrzā Jawād. 2004/1423. Al-Tahdhīb fī Manāsik al-ʻUmrat wa al-Ḥajj. Qom: Dār al-Tafsīr.
al-Jazāʼirī al-Murawwij, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Jaʻfar. 1995/1416. Hudā al-Ṭālib fī Sharḥ al-Makāsib. Qom: Muʼassasat Dār al-Kitāb.
Al-Ḥāʼirī al-Qomī, Muḥammad ʻAlī. n.d. Mukhtārāt fī al-Uṣūl. Tehran: Maṭbaʻt ʻIlmī.
al-Ḥurr al-ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan. 1988/1409. Tafṣīl Wasāʼil al-Shīʻa ilā Taḥṣīl al-Masāʼil al-Sharīʻa. Qom: Muʼassasat  Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ a-lturāth.
al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Ḥakīm, al-Sayyid Muḥsin. 1995/1416. Mustamsak al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā. Qom: Muʼassasat  Dār al-Tafsīr.
al-Ḥalabī, Abū al-Ṣalāḥ Taqī al-Dīn Ibn Najm al-Dīn. 1982/1403. al-Kāfī fī al-Fiqh. Edited by Riḍā al-ʻUstādi. Iṣfahān: Maktabat al-Imām Amīr al-Muʻminīn ʻAli.
al-Ḥillī, Jaʿfar Ibn al-Ḥasan (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī). 1987/1408. Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām fī Masāʾil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. 2nd. Edited by ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad ʿAlī Baqqāl. Qom: Muʾassasat Ismāʿīlīyān
Khalkhālī, Sayyid Riḍā. 1995/1416. Muʻtamid al-ʻUraw al-Wuthqā (Taqrīrāt Buḥūth al-Sayyid al-Khuʼī). 2nd. Qom: Manshūrāt Madrisat Dār al-ʻIlm.
al-Mūsawī al-Khuʾī, al-Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim. 1992/1413. Muʿjam Rijāl al-Ḥadīth. 5th. Qom: Madīnat al-ʻIlm.
al-Mūsawī al-Khuʾī, al-Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim. n.d. Mabānī Takmilat al-Minhāj. Qom: Muʾassasat. Beirut: Dār al-Zahrāʼ.
Al-Rawḥānī,  Sayyid Muḥammad. 1997/1418. Al-Murtaqā Ilā al-Fiqh al-Arqā, Kitāb al-Ḥajj. Tehran: Muʼasissat al-Jalīl lil Taḥqīqāt al-Thaqāfīyat.
al-Sabzawārī, al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-Aʻlā. 1992/1413. Muhadhdhab al-Aḥkām fī Bayān al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. 4th. Qom: Muʼassasat  al-Manār.
al-Sanad al-Baḥrānī, Muḥammad. 2002/1423. Sanad al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā: Kitāb al-Ḥajj. Qom: Beirut: Muʼasissat Umm al-Qurā lil Taḥqīq wa al-Nashr.
al-Suyyūrī al-Ḥillī, Miqdād Ibn ʻAbd Allāh (Fāḍil Miqdād). 1982/1361. Naḍd al-Qawāʼid al-Fiqhīyah ʻAlā Madhhav al-Imāmīyah. Qom: Manshūrāt Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-ʻUẓmā al-Marʻashī al-Najafī.
al-Kāshānī, Mullā Ḥabībullāh. 1983/1404. Tashīl al-Masālik ʼlā al-Madārik. Qom: al-Maṭbaʻat al-ʻIlmīyah.
ShahīdīPūr, Muḥammd Taqī. 2018/1397. Dars al-Khārij al-Uṣūl. Qom: Madrasat al-Fiqāhat.
al-Ḥusaynī al-Shīrāzī, al-Sayyid Ṣādiq. 2006/1427. Bayān al-Uṣūl. 2nd. Qom: Dār al-Anṣār.
al-Ḥusaynī al-Shīrāzī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad. 2011/1422. Al-Fiqh (al-Qawāʻid al-Fiqhīyah). Beirut: Muʼasissih-yi Imām Riḍā.
al-Ḥusaynī al-Shīrāzī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad. n.d. ʼIīṣāl al-Ṭālib ʼIlā al-Makāsib. Tehran: Manshūrāt Aʻlamī.
Ḍīyāʼī Far, Sa‘īd. 2021/1400. Waẓāyif wa Ikhtīyārāt-i Niẓām-i Islāmī darbārih-yi Pūshish-i Zanān. Qom: Pazhūhishgāh-i Ḥawzih wa Dānishgāh.
Al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Yazdī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. 2000/1421. Ḥashīyat al-Makāsib. 2nd. Muʼassisat Ismāʻīlīyān.
Al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Yazdī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. 2005/1426. Al-Taʻāruḍ.  Muʼassisat Intishārāt Madyan.
‏Al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Qommī, Sayyid Ḥassan. 1994/1415. Kitāb al-Ḥajj. Qom: Maṭbaʻat Bāqirī.
al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Yazdī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. 1988/1409. al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā fīmā Taʻummu bihī al-Balwā. 2nd. Beirut: Muʼassasat  al-Aʻlamī li al-Maṭbūʻāt.
al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Ḥāʼirī, al-Sayyid ʻAlī (Ṣāḥīb al-Rīyaḍ). 1997/1418. Rīyāḍ al-Masāʼil fī Taḥqiq al-Aḥkām bī al-Dalāʼil. Qom: Muʼassasat  Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth.
al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 1972/1351 . al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyya. Tehran: al-Maktabat al-Murtaḍawīya li ʼIḥyaʼ al-Āthār al-Jaʻfarīyah.
al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī).1979/1400. al-Nihāyat fī Mujarrad al-Fiqh wa al-Fatāwā. 2nd. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī.
al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī). 1986/1407. Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqniʻat lil Shaykh al-Mufīd. Edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Khurāsānī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya.
Al-Fāḍil al-Hindī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. 1995/1416. Kashf al-Lithām wa al-Ibhām ʻan Qawāʻid al-Aḥkām. Qom: Manshūrāt Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-ʻUẓmā al-Marʻashī al-Najafī.
Fāḍil, Muḥammad Jawād. 2018/1397. Qāʻidih-yi Fiqhī-yi Taqaddum-i Ḥaqq al-Nās bar Ḥaqq Allāh. Fiqh wa Ijtihād, 10, 9-25.
Farajī, Sayyid ʻAlī. 2009/1430. Taḥqīq fī al-Qawāʻid al-Fiqhīyat. Qom: Muʼassasat  al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
al-Kulaynī al-Rāzī, Muḥammad Ibn Yaʻqūb (al-Shaykh al-Kulayni). 1987/1407. Uṣūl al-Kāfī. Edited by ʻAlī Akbar Ghaffārī and Muḥammad Ākhundī. 4th. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah.
Al-Māmqānī, ʻAbdullāh. 1931/1350. Ḥāshīyat ʻalā Risālat fī al-Mawāsiʻat wa al-Muḍāyiqat. Qom: Majmaʻal-Dhakhāʼir al-Islāmīyat.

al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir (al-ʻAllama al-Majlisī). 1982/1403. Biḥār al-Anwār al-Jāmiʻa li Durar Akhbār al-Aʻimma al-Aṭhār. 2nd. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.

Madanī Kāshānī, Riḍā. 1990/1411. Barāhīn al-Ḥajj lil Fuqahāʼ wa al-Ḥajj. 3rd. Kāshān:  Madrisah ʻIlmīyyah Āyattullah Madanī Kāshānī.
Ibn Nuʿmān, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad (al-Shaykh al-Mufīd). 1992/1413. Al-Ikhtiṣāṣ. Mashhad: Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī.
Ibn Nuʿmān, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad (al-Shaykh al-Mufīd). 1992/1413. al-Mughniʿat. Qom: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿĀlamī li Alfīyyat al-Shaykh al-Mufīd.
Makārim Shīrāzi, Nāṣir. 1992/1413. Al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā maʻa al-Taʻlīqāt. Qom: Madrasi-yi Imām ʻAlī Ibn Abī Ṭālib.
al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan Ibn Yūsuf (al-ʻAllāma al-Ḥillī). 2006/1427. Tabṣirat al-Fuqahāʼ. Qom: Majmaʻ al-Dhakhāʼir al-Islāmīyyah.
al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. 1983/1404. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. 7th. Edited by ʻAbbās al-Qūchānī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
Hamidānī, Riḍā. 1999/1420. Ḥāshīyat Kitāb al-Makāsib. Qom: the Office of the Author.
Journal of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence
Volume 11, Issue 2 - Serial Number 39
Articles
August 2025
Pages 33-61

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics