Feasibility of Legal Personality and the Legitimacy of Establishing a Conditional Right of Option for Artificial Intelligence

Document Type : Research (Fast Track Review)

Authors

Jurisprudence and Law.Faculty of Theology.Farabi campus.University of Tehran.Qom.Iran

Abstract

Rapid developments in modern technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI) and smart contracts, have generated new challenges for contemporary legal and jurisprudential systems. Among the most significant of these challenges is the applicability of traditional legal concepts grounded in human volition—such as establishment (jaʿl) and the exercise of conditional rights (khiyār al-sharṭ)—within the context of artificial intelligence. According to the consensus (ijmāʿ) of Shīʿī jurists and Article 399 of the Civil Code of Iran, the establishment of a right of option in favour of a third party is legally valid. artificial intelligence, as a contemporary instance of a “third party,” plays an increasingly prominent role in smart contracts through data processing and the automation of transactions.
The principal question addressed in this study is whether the establishment of a right of option for artificial intelligence, as a third party, is legally and jurisprudentially valid. Employing a descriptive–analytical method, the study examines the legal personality of artificial intelligence, the role of intention and will in juridical acts, and the juridical nature of acceptance (qabūl) in contract formation.
The findings suggest that artificial intelligence, when purposefully designed and institutionally structured, may be regarded as possessing a limited juridical personality. Moreover, on the basis of theories of intelligence-centred systems, such systems may be understood as capable of operationalizing the requisite intention and will for certain legal acts, including the exercise of a right of option. In this framework, human intention and will function as the higher-order source through which the system’s legal acts are manifested.
Furthermore, the position adopted by jurists who define acceptance (qabūl) as the expression of consent supports the possibility of contract formation and the exercise of conditional rights by artificial intelligence. Accordingly, the establishment of a right of option in favour of artificial intelligence in smart transactions, through the design of appropriate algorithms, may be regarded as legally and jurisprudentially valid within the Iranian legal system.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

دراسة إمکانیة إضفاء الشخصیة القانونیة ومشروعیة جعل "خیار الشرط" للذکاء الاصطناعی

Abstract [العربیة]

أحدثت الطفرات المتسارعة فی التقنیات الحدیثة، ولا سیما الذکاء الاصطناعی (AI) والعقود الذکیة، تحدیات معاصرة أمام المنظومات الفقهیة والقانونیة. وتعد إمکانیة تنزیل المفاهیم التقلیدیة القائمة على "الإرادة الإنسانیة" على بیئة الذکاء الاصطناعی ـ کـ "جعل خیار الشرط" وإعماله ـ واحدة من أهم الإشکالیات المطروحة فی هذا الصدد.
بناءً على إجماع فقهاء الإمامیّة، ووفقاً للمادّة 399 من القانون المدنی، فإنّ اشتراط خیار الشرط لمصلحة الغیر أو الشخص الثالث یُعدّ أمراً مشروعاً. وإنّ الذکاء الاصطناعی، بوصفه مثالاً مستحدثاً لشخصٍ ثالث، وبما یملکه من قدرة على معالجة البیانات وتنفیذ المعاملات بصورةٍ آلیة، یؤدّی دوراً مؤثّراً فی العقود الذکیّة.
یتمحور السؤال الجوهری لهذه المقالة حول إمکانیة ومشروعیة جعل خیار الشرط لصالح الذکاء الاصطناعی بصفته طرفاً ثالثاً، وذلک من منظور فقهی وقانونی؟
وقد اعتمد هذا البحث المنهجَ التحلیلیّ الوصفیّ، فتناول مفاهیمَ من قبیل: الشخصیّة القانونیّة للذکاء الاصطناعی، والإرادةَ والقصدَ فی الأفعال والتصرّفات الحقوقیّة، وحقیقة القَبول فی العقد؛ لیُبیّن أنّ الذکاء الاصطناعی، متى ما جرى تصمیمُه بصورةٍ هادفةٍ ومنظّمة، یُمکن أن یُعدَّ شخصاً حقوقیّاً ذا أهلیةٍ محدودة.
کذلک، وبناءً على نظریة الذکاء القائم على الأساس (HBI)، تکتسب الأنظمة الذکیة القدرة على تحقُّق القصد والإرادة اللازمین للأعمال الحقوقیة التوصیلیة، کـخیار الشرط. کما أن رؤیة الفقهاء الذین یعتبرون القبول هو إعلان الرضا، تُعزّز إمکانیة انعقاد العقد وإعمال خیار الشرط بواسطة الذکاء الاصطناعی. وعلیه، فإنَّ جعل خیار الشرط للذکاء الاصطناعی فی المعاملات الذکیة، من خلال تصمیم الخوارزمیات المناسبة، یُعدّ مشروعاً من المنظور الفقهی، ومتوافقاً مع النظام القانونی الإیرانی من الناحیة الحقوقیة.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • خیار الشرط
  • الشخص الثالث
  • الذکاء الاصطناعی
  • المعاملات الذکیة
  • الشخصیة القانونیة
  • الشخصیة الحقیقیة

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Journal of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence
Volume 11, Issue 4 - Serial Number 41
Articles
November 2025
Pages 211-237

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