Distribution  of non-financial obligations of the heir to the heirs from the perspective of Imamiyyah jurisprudence and Iranian law

Hazratzadeh, Ehsan

doi:10.22034/jrj.2025.72575.3032

Distribution of non-financial obligations of the heir to the heirs from the perspective of Imamiyyah jurisprudence and Iranian law

Document Type : Research (Fast Track Review)

Author

Ehsan Hazratzadeh

Level (4) Scholar of Jurisprudence and Private Law, Specialized Center for Jurisprudence and Law, Qom, Iran.

10.22034/jrj.2025.72575.3032

Abstract

During the course of life, a person incurs various obligations through contracts, unilateral juridical acts, and legal events. Certain obligations are intrinsically personal in nature and, due to their dependence upon the specific characteristics or capacities of the obligor, are extinguished upon death. By contrast, another category of obligations lacks an inherently personal character, and their performance does not depend upon the individual attributes of the obligor. The principal question addressed in this study is whether, upon the obligor’s death, such obligations are transferred to the heirs or instead lapse entirely.
Employing a library-based research method and adopting a descriptive, analytical, and critical approach, this study demonstrates that three principal theories have been advanced concerning the legal nature of the estate in Imāmī jurisprudence and Iranian law: (1) the continuance of the decedent’s ownership after death; (2) the immediate transfer of ownership to the heirs; and (3) the recognition of the estate as an independent juridical entity.
The first theory is primarily grounded in Qurʼānic verses, narrations (ḥadīth), and the consensus (ijmāʿ) of jurists. The second theory, in addition to these sources, relies upon jurisprudential maxims such as the principle that “property cannot remain without an owner” (al-māl lā yabqā bilā mālik). The third theory—shaped in part by comparative engagement with Western legal systems—emphasizes the precise determination of the moment of transfer and the suspension of the heirs’ right of disposition until the completion of estate administration and settlement.
The analytical conclusion of this study is that, through a synthesis of these three perspectives, the notion of a temporary juridical personality of the estate can be derived within Imāmī jurisprudence. According to this view, the property of the deceased acquires an independent legal status from the moment of death until the completion of settlement procedures. Only after the discharge of debts and obligations does definitive ownership transfer to the heirs.
The findings further indicate that pecuniary debts are transferable and are satisfied from the estate prior to distribution. Non-pecuniary obligations, however, due to their intrinsically personal character, are extinguished upon the death of the deceased, even where they entail incidental financial consequences. In this respect, the Iranian legal system appears to confront a legislative lacuna concerning the treatment of the deceased’s non-pecuniary obligations, resulting in divergent doctrinal opinions and practical challenges within judicial practice.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Legalization Jurisprudence (Civil, Criminal, Fundamental, International)

Article Title [العربیة]

توزیع التزامات المورث غیر المالیة على الورثة من منظور الفقه الإمامی والقانون الإیرانی

Abstract [العربیة]

یواجه الإنسان فی خضم حیاته جملة من الالتزامات المتنوعة الناشئة عن العقود أو غیرها من الوقائع القانونیة. بید أن بعض هذه الالتزامات تکتسی صبغة شخصیة؛ فبسبب ارتباطها الوثیق بخصائص المتعهد وصفاته الفردیة، فإنها تنقضی بوفاته.
وفی المقابل، هناک طائفة أخرى من الالتزامات لا تقوم على الاعتبار الشخصی ولا یرتبط اداؤها بالقدرات الفردیة للمتعهد؛ وسؤال البحث الرئیس لهذه الدراسة هو: هل تنتقل هذه الالتزامات إلى الورثة فی حال وفاة المتعهد أم أنها تسقط بوفاته؟
لقد أنجز هذا البحث باتباع المنهج المکتبی وبمنظور وصفی تحلیلی ونقدی. وتظهر النتائج وجود ثلاث رؤى اساسیة حول الماهیة القانونیة للترکة: بقاء ملکیة المورث، الانتقال الفوری للورثة، والشخصیة الاعتباریة المستقلة للترکة. تستند الرؤیة الأولى غالبا إلى الآیات والروایات وإجماع الفقهاء؛ أما الرؤیة الثانیة فترتکز -علاوة على تلک الأسس- على قواعد أصولیة مثل "المال لا یبقى بلا مالک"؛ والرؤیة الثالثة، بتأثرها بالحقوق الغربیة، تؤکد على تعیین الزمان الدقیق لانتقال الترکة وتعلیق تصرف الورثة حتى إنتهاء التصفیة.
تتمثل النتیجة التحلیلیة لهذا البحث فی أنه یمکن من خلال التوفیق بین النظریات الثلاث المذکورة، الاستفادة من مفهوم "الشخصیة الاعتباریة المؤقتة للترکة" فی الفقه الإمامی؛ بمعنى إن أموال المتوفى تتمتع بحیاة حقوقیة مستقلة حتى زمن التصفیة، وبعد أداء الدیون تنتقل بشکل قطعی إلى الورثة.
کما أظهرت الدراسات أن الدیون المالیة قابلة للانتقال إلى الورثة، أما الدیون غیر المالیة فتنقضی بوفاة المتوفى نظرا لماهیتها الشخصیة، حتى وإن کانت لها آثار مالیة تبعیة. وبناء على ذلک، یواجه النظام الحقوقی الإیرانی فراغا تشریعیاً فی مجال التزامات المتوفى غیر المالیة، مما یؤدی إلى بروز اختلاف فی وجهات النظر وتحدیات عملیة فی السیاق القضائی.

Keywords [العربیة]

بقاء ملکیة الورثة
الالتزامات غیر المالیة
تصرف الورثة
الشخصیة الاعتباریة للترکة
الموت الحقیقی

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