The Role of the Unity of the Obligor in the Realization of Tazāḥum al-Imtithālī

Ashayerimonfared, Mohammad

doi:10.22034/jrj.2025.69531.2841

The Role of the Unity of the Obligor in the Realization of Tazāḥum al-Imtithālī

Document Type : Research (Fast Track Review)

Author

Mohammad Ashayerimonfared

Al-Mustafa International University

10.22034/jrj.2025.69531.2841

Abstract

One of the most significant chapters in the science of uṣūl (principles) is the chapter on tazāḥum al-imtithālī. The resolution of tazāḥum al-imtithālī through the application of murājiḥāt (preferences) or the option of takhyīr (choice) follows a smooth and reliable mechanism that facilitates the jurisprudential resolution of legal conflicts. However, it is crucial for a jurist to determine whether a given issue genuinely pertains to the chapter of tazāḥum or not.
To achieve this clarity, scholars of uṣūl have endeavoured to define tazāḥum and distinguish it from taʻāruḍ as precisely as possible, ensuring that jurists can systematically and confidently analyze jurisprudential issues.
A key question in this discussion is whether, in the chapter of tazāḥum, two contradictory taklīf (obligations) must necessarily be imposed on a single mukallaf (obligor), or whether two contradictory obligations imposed on separate obligors can also be classified under tazāḥum. Some jurists have addressed this issue in their jurisprudential discussions, but no independent uṣūlī study has been conducted on the matter.
Employing an analytical approach, this study seeks to resolve this problem within the framework of uṣūlī principles. The hypothesis of this study is that the unity of the mukallaf (obligor) is a necessary condition for the realization of tazāḥum al-imtithālī. If two separate obligors each bear contradictory obligations, the issue does not fall under the category of tazāḥum, unless the obligation of the second obligor is connected to that of the first obligor in some other way.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Principles of Jurisprudence

Article Title [العربیة]

دور وحدة المکلف فی تحقق التزاحم الامتثالی

Abstract [العربیة]

یعد باب التزاحم الامتثالی من الأبواب المثمرة فی علم الأصول. والخروج من التزاحم الامتثالی، عن طریق إعمال المرجحات أو استخدام خیار التخییر، له آلیة سلسة وموثوقة تسهل حل المسألة عند دراسة فقهیة، لکن الأهم هو أن یطمئن الفقیه عند دراسة مسألة ما، بأن المسألة تنتمی حقًا إلى باب التزاحم أم لا؟

لتحصیل هذا الاطمئنان، سعی الأصولیون أن یوصلوا تعریف باب التزاحم والفرق بینه وبین باب التعارض إلی أقصى درجات الوضوح، کی یصبح حصول الاطمئنان للفقیه فی مرحلة حل المسألة الفقهیة منهجیاً وسهلاً. من المشاکل التی توجد فی هذا المسار، هی أنه فی باب التزاحم یجب بالضرورة أن یقع تکلیفان متنافیان علی عاتق مُکلَّفٍ واحد، أو إذا وقع تکلیفان متنافیان علی عاتق مُکلَّفَین منفصلین، هل یمکن جعل المسألة من صمیم باب التزاحم؟

أشار بعض الفقهاء إلی هذا الأمر فی ثنایا کلماتهم الفقهیة، لکن لم یُقدَّم بحث أصولی مستقل فی هذا الموضوع. یسعی هذا المقال، فی إطار علم الأصول وبمنهج تحلیلی، إلی حلّ هذه المسألة.

فرضیة البحث هی أنّه فی تحقق التزاحم الامتثالی، یشترط وحدة المکلّف، وکلّما کان لمکلّفَین تکلیفان متنافیان، فالمسألة لیست من صمیم باب التزاحم، إلّا إذا ارتبط تکلیف المکلّف الثانی بالمکلّف الأوّل بنحوٍ آخر.

Keywords [العربیة]

التزاحم الامتثالی
وحدة المکلف
الأهم والمهم
ارتکاب أقل القبیحین

Full Text

به فایل Pdf مراجعه نمایید.

References

The Holy Qurʼān.
1. Ābī, Ḥassan ibn Abī Ṭālib. 1996/1417. Kashf al-Rumūz fī Sharḥ al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiī. Edited by ʻAlī Panāh Ishtihārdī. Qom: Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
2. Ibn Barrāj al-Ṭirāblusī, ʻAbdulazīz. 1985/1406. Al-Muhadhab. Qom. Muʼassasat al-Nash al-Islāmī li Jmāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
3. al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī). 1988/1409. Tahdhīb al-Uṣūl. Edited by Jaʿfar al-Subḥānī al-Tabrīzī. Qom: Dār al-Fikr.
4. al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī). 1994/1415. Al-Makāsib al-Muḥaramah. Qom: Muʼassasat Ismāʻīlīyān.
5. al-Mūsawī al-Khumaynī, al-Ṣayyid Rūḥ Allāh (al-Imām al-Khumaynī).2008/1429. Kitāb al-Bayʻ. Tehran: Muʼassasat Tanẓīm wa Nashr Āthār al-Imām al-Khumaynī.
6. Murtaḍā Ibn Muḥammad Amin (al-Shaykh al-Anṣārī). 1993/1414. Rasʼil Fiqhīyah. Qom: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿĀlamī Bimunasabat al-Ḍhikrā al-Miʾawīyya al-Thānīyya li Mīlād al-Shaykh al-Aʿẓam al-Anṣārī.
7. al-Anṣārī, Murtaḍā Ibn Muḥammad Amin (al-Shaykh al-Anṣārī). 1994/1415. Kitāb al-Makāsib. Qom: al-Muʻtamar al-ʻĀlamī Bimunasabat al-Ḍhikrā al-Miʻawīyya al-Thānīyya li Mīlād al-Shaykh al-Aʻẓam al-Anṣārī.
8. al-Anṣārī, Murtaḍā Ibn Muḥammad Amin (al-Shaykh al-Anṣārī). 2007/1428. Farāʼid al-Uṣūl. Qom: Majmaʻ al-Fikr al-Islāmī.
9. Bahjat Gīlānī Fūmanī, Muḥammad Taqī. 2002/1423. Wasīlat al-Nijāt. 2^nd. Qom: Intishārāt Shafaq.
10. al-Mūsawī al-Khuʼī, al-Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim. 1991/1412. Miṣbāḥ al-Fiqāhah. Edited by Muḥammad ‘Alī Tawḥīdī. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī.
11. Ḥillī, Ḥusayn. 2011/1432. Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Qom: Maktabat al-Fiqh wa al-Uṣūl al-Mukhtaṣat.
12. al-Ḥillī, Najm al-Dīn Jaʻfar Ibn al-Ḥasan (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī). 1987/1408. Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām fī Masāʼil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Edited by ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn Muḥammad ʻAlī Baqqāl. Qom: Muʼassasat Ismāʻīlīyān.
13. al-Khāwnsārī al-Najafī, Mūsā ibn Muḥammad. 1952/1373. Risālat fī Qāʻidat Nafy al-Ḍararr. Tehran: al-Maktabat al-Muḥammadīyah.
14. al-Mūsawī al-Khuʾī, al-Sayyid Abū al-Qāsim. 1997/1418. Mawsūʻat al-Imām al-Khuʼī. Qom: Muʾassasat Iḥyāʾ Āthār al-Imām al-Khuʾī.
15. al-Hāshimī al-Shāhrūdī, al-Sayyid Maḥmūd. 1998/1419. Dirāsāt fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Taqrīrāt Sayyid al-Khuʼī. Qom: Dāʼirat al-Ma‘ārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī.
  al-Ḥusaynī al-Rawḥānī, al-Sayyid Ṣadiq. 2008/1429. Minhāj al-Fiqāhah.5^th. Qom: Anwār al-Hudā.
16. al-Ḥusaynī al-Rawḥānī, Sayyd Muḥammad. 1992/1413. Muntaqī al-Uṣūl. Taqrīr (writen by) ʻAbd al-Ṣāḥib al-Ḥakīm. Qom: the Office of al-Sayyid al-Ḥusaynī al-Rawḥānī.
17. al-Subḥānī al-Tabrīzī, Jaʻfar. 1997/1418. Niẓām al-Qaḍāʼ wa al-Shihādat fī al-Sharīʻat al-Islāmīyya al-Gharrāʻ. Qom: Muʼasissat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq.
18. al-Ṭabāṭabāʼī al-Yazdī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. 1988/1409. al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā fīmā Taʻummu bihī al-Balwā. 2^nd. Beirut: Muʼassasat al-Aʻlamī li al-Maṭbūʻāt.
19. Ibn Barrāj al-Ṭirāblusī, ʻAbdulazīz. 1985/1406. Al-Muhadhab. n.p. Muʼassasat al-Nash al-Islāmī li Jmāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.
20. al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Ḥasan (al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī).1979/1400. al-Nihāyat fī Mujarrad al-Fiqh wa al-Fatāwā. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʻArabī.
21. ʻAshāyirī Munfarid, Muḥammad. 2022/1401. Naẓarīyih-yi Jāmiʻ-i Bāb-i Tazaḥum az Ibtikārāt-i Muḥaqiq Nāʼīnī. Faṣlnāmih-yi Pazhūhish-hāyi Uṣūlī, 9 (32), 27-54.
22. ʻAlīdūst, Abulqāsim. 2017/1396. Fiqh wa Maṣlaḥat. 4^th. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Pazhūhishgāh-i Farhang wa Andīshih.
23. Faqīh, Muḥammad-Taqī. 1986/1407. Qawāʻid al-Fiqhīyah. 2^nd. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʼ.
24. Fayyāḍ Kābulī, Muḥammad Isḥāq. n.d. Taʻālīq Mabsūṭat ʻalā al-ʻUrwat al-Wuthqā. Qom: Intishārāt Muḥallātī.
25. al-Ṭabāṭbāʾī al-Qommī, al-Sayyid Taqī. 1992/1371. Ārāʾunā fī Uṣūl al-FIqh. Qom: Maḥallātī.
26. al-Kāẓimī al-Khurāsānī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. 1997/1376. Fawāʾid al-Uṣūl (Taqrīrāt Baḥth al-Mīrzā al-Nāʾīnī). Qom: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʿat al-Mudarrisīn.
27. al-Mūsawī al-Gulpāygānī, al-Sayyid Muḥammad Riḍā. 1992/1413. Kitāb al-Qaḍā. Qom: Dār al-Qurʼān al-Karīm.
28. Al-Lārī, Sayyid ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn. 1998/1418. al-Taʻlīqat ʻAlā al-Makāsib. Muʼasisat al-Maʻārif al-Islāmīyah.
29. Ibn Nuʿmān, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad (al-Shaykh al-Mufīd). 1992/1413. al-Muqniʿat. Qom: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿĀlamī li Alfīyyat al-Shaykh al-Mufīd.
30. Al-Gharawī al-Nāʼīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn (al-Muḥaqqiq al-Nāʼīnī, Mīrzā Nāʼīnī). 1973/1352. Ajwad al-Taqrīrāt. Taqrīrāt al-Sayyid al-Khuʼī). Qom: Maṭbaʻat al-ʻIrfān.
31. al-Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. 1983/1404. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʻiʻ al-Islām. 7^th. Edited by ʻAbbās al-Qūchānī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī.
32. Al-Nūrī al-Hamdidānī, Ḥusayn. 2012/1434. Al-Amir bi al-Maʻrūf wa al-Nahy ʻan al-Munkar Buḥūth al-Fiqhīyat. 4^th. Qom:Intishārāt Mahdī Mawʻūd.
33. al-Hāshimī al-Shāhrūdī, al-Sayyid Maḥmūd. 2002/1423. Mawsūʻat al-Fiqh al-Islāmī Ṭibqan li Maḍhhab Ahl al-Bayt (ʻA). Qom: Muʼasissat Dāʼirat al-Maʻārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī.
34. al-Hāshimī al-Shāhrūdī, al-Sayyid Maḥmūd. 2010/1431. Aḍwāʼ wa Ārāʼ; Taʻlīqāt ʻalā Kutubunā Buḥūth fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Qom: Muʼasissat Dāʼirat al-Maʻārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī.
35. al-Hāshimī al-Shāhrūdī, al-Sayyid Maḥmūd. 1996/1417. Buḥūth fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Taqrīrāt Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir al-Ṣadr. Qom: Dāʼirat al-Ma‘ārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī.
36. Hamidānī, Riḍā. n.d. Miṣbāḥ al-Faqīh. 1995/1416. Qom: al-Maktabat al-Jaʻfarīya li Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth & Muʼassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī li Jamāʻat al-Mudarrisīn.