A Fresh Investigation into the Jurisprudential Thematic Study of the Principle of “Man Malika Arḍan ....

Bahadori Ghaleshiri, Mahdi; Shakeri, Belal; Najee Forotan, Abolfazl; Faghani Bidsokhteh, Jaafar

doi:10.22034/jrj.2025.70740.2928

A Fresh Investigation into the Jurisprudential Thematic Study of the Principle of “Man Malika Arḍan ...."

Document Type : Darol elm

Authors

¹ Fourth-Level Student at Mashhad Seminary ;Mashhad-Iran. Bahadori3062@gmail.com;

² Assistant Professor of Akhund Khorasani Specialized Center in Mashhad, Iran

³ Three-Level Student at Mashhad Seminary ;Mashhad-Iran

10.22034/jrj.2025.70740.2928

Abstract

The jurisprudential principle of “Man Malika Arḍan”—”Whoever owns the land, owns its airspace up to the sky’s zenith and its ground down to the earth’s boundaries”—in both earlier and later scholarly works, signifies the derivative ownership of an individual over the supra-surface spaces (airspace) and subsurface domains (the depths of the earth) by virtue of land ownership. The inclusiveness of this principle, in light of modern developments and contemporary circumstances, has encountered various challenges and has led to tensions between individual rights and governmental authority, as the exclusivity of this principle extends to both the supra-surface and sub-surface spaces of private property.
This issue has become a point of contention among scholars and intellectuals regarding the extent of individual or state ownership over supra-surface and sub-surface spaces—to the extent that an entire field within international law has been dedicated to air and space law. The emerging challenges have highlighted the necessity to clearly redefine the scope of this principle. Therefore, using a descriptive-analytical approach, this study revisits the concept of ownership of the supra-surface and sub-surface spaces. Various dimensions of this issue are examined from the perspectives of Islamic jurisprudence and legal frameworks. Furthermore, the implications of this principle on contemporary issues such as aerospace law and subterranean resources are discussed.
Moreover, this study attempts, through an examination of jurisprudential texts—considering the primary and secondary implications of the principle, as well as relevant juristic opinions and extracted legal norms—to demonstrate that the concept of ownership in this principle refers to restricted ownership (milkīyyah al-muqayyadah), which, within its customary limits, is subordinate to land ownership and beyond that is considered public domain (anfāl). Therefore, ownership of the airspace and subterranean depths by the state does not conflict with private ownership.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Jurisprudence (Chapters)

Article Title [العربیة]

نظرة جدیدة فی معرفة موضوع قاعدة "من ملک أرضاً ...

Abstract [العربیة]

وردت قاعدة "من ملک أرضاً ملک الهواء إلى عنان السماء والقرار إلى تخوم الأرض" الفقهیة فی مؤلفات المتقدمین والمتأخرین، وهی تعبّر عن ملکیة الشخص التبعیة للفضاءات فوق السطحیة (السماء) وتحت السطحیة (أعماق الأرض) تبعاً لملکیة الأرض.

تتعرض القاعدة إلى تحدیات بسبب التطورات والظروف المعاصرة، مما أدى إلى حدوث تزاحم بین حقوق الأفراد وصلاحیات الحکومة. وسبب ذلک هو أن إطلاق القاعدة یشمل الفضاء فوق السطحی وتحت السطحیّ فی ملکیة الأفراد. أثارت هذه المسألة اختلافاً بین العقلاء والعلماء فی تحدید حدود ملکیة الأفراد أو الحکومات على الفضاءات الفوقیة والتحتیة، لدرجة أن فرعاً مستقلاً فی القانون الدولی قد خُصص لأحکام الفضاء الجوی والخارجی.

لقد کشفت التحدیات الناشئة عن ضرورة إعادة تعریف موضوع هذه القاعدة. لذلک، یتناول هذا البحث المنهج الوصفی-التحلیلی لإعادة قراءة مسألة ملکیة الهواء إلى عنان السماء والقرار إلى أعماق الأرض. وسوف یتم بحث أبعادها المختلفة من المنظور الفقهی الإسلامی والحقوقی، کما ستتم مناقشة آثار القاعدة على القضایا المعاصرة مثل حقوق الجو والفضاء والموارد الموجودة تحت سطح الأرض. کما تسعى الدراسة عبر البحث فی النصوص الفقهیة، وبالاستناد إلى إطلاقات الأحکام والقواعد الأولیة والثانویة والآراء الفقهیة والمبانی المستنبطة منها، إلى إثبات أن المقصود من الملکیة فی هذه القاعدة هو ملکیة مقیدة، فمقتضى هذه الملکیة هو تبعیتها لملکیة الأرض فی الحدود المتعارفة، وما فوق ذلک یعد من الأنفال. وبالتالی، لا یوجد تزاحم مع ملکیة الحکومات للفضاء وأعماق الأرض.

Keywords [العربیة]

قاعدة " من ملک أرضا ملک الهواء إلى عنان السماء والقرار إلى تخوم الأرض" الفقهیة - ملکیة الفضاءات فوق السطحیة وتحت السطحیة - الفضاء المحاذی
حقوق وصلاحیات المالک - ملکیة الفضاء وأعماق الأرض

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